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Buckwheat: A Minor Crop in South Dakota

Buckwheat is primarily an emergency crop in South Dakota; however, buckwheat is considered a full-sea¬son crop in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Manitoba. Buckwheat probably originated in China. It was first introduced to the United States by Dutch colonists in the Hudson River Valley in the early 1600s

Convergence results for multivariate martingales

We present a new version of the Central Limit Theorem for multivariate martingales

Central limit theorems for multicolor urns with dominated colors

An urn contains balls of d≥2 colors. At each time n≥1, a ball is drawn and then replaced together with a random number of balls of the same color. Let A n = diag (An,1,…,An,d) be the n-th reinforce matrix. Assuming that EAn,j=EAn,1 for all n and j, a few central limit theorems (CLTs) are available for such urns. In real problems, however, it is more reasonable to assume that EA n,j = EA n,1 whenever  n ≥ 1  and  1 ≤ j ≤ d0 , liminfn EAn,1 > limsupn EAn,j whenever  j > d0 for some integer 1≤d0≤d. Under this condition, the usual weak limit theorems may fail, but it is still possible to prove the CLTs for some slightly different random quantities. These random quantities are obtained by neglecting dominated colors, i.e., colors from d0+1 to d, and they allow the same inference on the urn structure. The sequence (An : n ≥ 1) is independent but need not be identically distributed. Some statistical applications are given as well

She is author, with David Hall, of Practical Social Research (Macmillan, 1996) and Evaluation and Social Research: Introducing Small-Scale Practice

Abstract Student volunteering is currently being promoted through the Higher Education Contributor details David Hall is a Senior Lecturer in Applied Sociology and teaches and researches in the area of applied social research, volunteering and the voluntary sector, and learning and teaching in sociology. Together with Irene Hall, he is active in community-based learning and is programme director of the M.Sc. in Applied Social and Community Research. He is a partner in two European Framework 5 research programmes on science shops and university-community partnerships for knowledge transfer, and is the Chair of Interchange, the Liverpool science shop equivalent. David Hall, University of Liverpool, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work Studies, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA Irene Hall is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology and also teaches and researches in applied social research, community and the voluntary sector. She was programme director of the HEFCE funded CoBaLT project in community-based learning, and is a partner in a European Framework 5 research programme on science shops and university-community partnerships. She is author, with David Hall, of Practical Social Research (Macmillan, 1996) Pat Green is a Principal Lecturer at Wolverhampton University, where she has taught Women's Studies for many years, and has published on the gendered experience of mature students in higher education. She has been active in curriculum development through projects with voluntary and community groups, and has recently been appointed the manager of the HEACF programme for coordinating volunteering opportunities at Wolverhampton University

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by cdk inhibitors

Current therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection relies primarily on the administration of anti-retroviral nucleoside analogues, either alone or in combination with HIV-protease inhibitors. Although these drugs have a clinical benefit, continuous therapy with the drugs leads to drug-resistant strains of the virus. Recently, significant progress has been made towards the development of natural and synthetic agents that can directly inhibit HIV-1 replication or its essential enzymes. We previously reported on the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (PCI) r-roscovitine as a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. PCIs are among the most promising novel antiviral agents to emerge over the past few years. Potent activity on viral replication combined with proliferation inhibition without the emergence of resistant viruses, which are normally observed in HAART patients; make PCIs ideal candidates for HIV-1 inhibition. To this end we evaluated twenty four cdk inhibitors for their effect on HIV-1 replication in vitro. Screening of these compounds identified alsterpaullone as the most potent inhibitor of HIV-1 with activity at 150 nM. We found that alsterpaullone effectively inhibits cdk2 activity in HIV-1 infected cells with a low IC50 compared to control uninfected cells. The effects of alsterpaullone were associated with suppression of cdk2 and cyclin expression. Combining both alsterpaullone and r-roscovitine (cyc202) in treatment exhibited even stronger inhibitory activities in HIV-1 infected PBMCs

Light Induced Changes in Protein Expression and Uniform Regulation of Transcription in the Thylakoid Lumen of Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants oxygenic photosynthesis is performed by large protein complexes found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The soluble thylakoid lumen space is a narrow and compressed region within the thylakoid membrane which contains 80-200 proteins. Because the thylakoid lumen proteins are in close proximity to the protein complexes of photosynthesis, it is reasonable to assume that the lumen proteins are highly influenced by the presence of light. To identify light regulated proteins in the thylakoid lumen of Arabidopsis thaliana we developed a faster thylakoid preparation and combined this with difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) of dark-adapted and light-adapted lumen proteomes. The DIGE experiments revealed that 19 lumen proteins exhibit increased relative protein levels after eight hour light exposure. Among the proteins showing increased abundance were the PsbP and PsbQ subunits of Photosystem II, major plastocyanin and several other proteins of known or unknown function. In addition, co-expression analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data showed that the co-regulation of lumen protein expression is not limited to light but rather that lumen protein genes exhibit a high uniformity of expression. The large proportion of thylakoid lumen proteins displaying increased abundance in light-adapted plants, taken together with the observed uniform regulation of transcription, implies that the majority of thylakoid lumen proteins have functions that are related to photosynthetic activity. This is the first time that an analysis of the differences in protein level during a normal day/night cycle has been performed and it shows that even a normal cycle of light significantly influences the thylakoid lumen proteome. In this study we also show for the first time, using co-expression analysis, that the prevalent lumenal chloroplast proteins are very similarly regulated at the level of transcription

Modeling Survival After Diagnosis of a Specific Disease Based on Case Surveillance Data

Motivated by a study assessing the impact of treatments on survival of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) patients, we developed a semi-parametric method to estimate the life expectancy after diagnosis using data from case surveillance. With the proposed method, the life expectancy is estimated based on the traditional non-parametric life table method, but the age-specific death rates are estimated using a parametric model to derive more robust estimates from limited numbers of deaths by single year of age. The uncertainties associated with the semi-parametric estimates are provided. In addition, the life expectancy among people with the disease is compared with the life expectancy among those with similar demographic characteristics in the general population. The average years of life lost is used to measure the impact of the disease or the treatment on the survival after diagnosis. The trend of impact over time can be evaluated by the annual estimates of life expectancy and average years of life lost in the past