A Characterization of Strong and Weak Convergence in Fuzzy Metric Spaces

In this paper, we attempt to introduce the concept of fuzzy metric space and some of its properties, and we investigate the strong and weak convergence in fuzzy metric Spaces. Despite uncertainty in fuzzy random variables, crisp metrics have always been used. Here, we use the strong law of large numbers for fuzzy random variables in the fuzzy metric space for the bootstrap mean. Then the problem of constructing a satisfactory theory of fuzzy metric spaces has been investigated by several authors from different points of view. In particular, and by modifying a definition of fuzzy metric space given by Kramosil and Michalek, Georgeand Veeramani have introduced and studied the following interesting notion of a fuzzy metric space. A fuzzy metric space is such that  is a set and  is a function defined on satisfying certain axioms and  is called a fuzzy metric in. Finally, we developed ideas that many of known strong and weak convergence theorems can easily be derived from the fuzzy metric Spaces

Seed dormancy and germination in Neolitsea acuminatissima (Lauraceae)

Background: Understanding how coherently commitment and basic human values shaping and affecting timebank, one of the popular peer-to-peer exchange system. With time banking, a person with own skill set can trade hours of work for equal hours for another member using hours for paying or being paid for services. Thesis aim: Understanding the impact of drivers/barriers and personal values and how these are connected to the commitment Methodology A quantitative study with forty-seven timebanks across three different country – USA, New Zealand and India. Survey were conducted to collect data and later SPSS has been used for analyzation Findings: Values play significant role to shape commitment to timebank and commitment and personal values has relationship with drivers and barriers of participation in timebank

Evaluate All The Order of Every Element in The Higher Even, Odd, and Prime Order of Group for Composition

This paper aims to treat a study on the order of every element in the higher even, odd and prime order of group for composition. Infact, express order of a group and order of an element of a group in real numbers. Here we discuss the higher order of groups indifferent types of order, which will give us practical knowledge to see the applications of the composition. In order to find out theorder of an elementam2Gin whichan=e= identity element, then find the least common multiple (i.e.(LCM))=) ofmandn. The leastcommon multiple of two numbers is the "smallest non-zero common number," which is a multiple of both the numbers. SoO(am)=/m. Also, ifGis a finite group,nis a positive integer, anda2Gthen the order of the productsna. WhenGis a finite group, everyelement must have finite order, but the converse is false. There are infinite groups where each element has finite order. Finally, findout the order of every element of a group in different types of the higher even, odd and prime order of group for composition

Social impact and healthcare- seeking behavior for urinary incontinence among perimenopausal women attending gynae out patient department in BSMMU

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a highly prevalent and burdensome condition among women.However,fewer than half of women with symptoms consult with a physician about incontinence, and determinant of treatment seeking are not well understood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, awareness and determinants of urinary incontinence (UI) among women attending GOPD in BSMMU and the sociodemographic factors involved in their health care-seeking behaviour. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out in Gynaeout patient department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University with a sample of 800 women aged 45 yrs and above. Results: A total of 1000 women were recruited for the study by purposive sampling,among them 800 agreed to participate and completed the questionnaire. Of these, 165 (20.6%) were found to have UL Overall, the reason for not seeking medical attention was mainly embarrassment (40.6%) at having to speak with doctor. Of the total study sample, 566 subjects (70.6%) believed that UI was abnormal and worth reporting to a doctor. Coping mechanisms among incontinent women included frequent washing (58.3%) and wearing a protective perineal pad (42.4%), changing underwear frequently (41.3%), decreasing fluid intake (19.8%) and stopping all work (4.9%). Sufferers were most troubled by their inability to pray (64%) maintain marital relationship (47%), limitation of their social activities (20%), difficulty in doing housework (14%) and inconven­ience during shopping (13%). Most (56%) found it most embarrassing to discuss UI with their husbands. The majority of women (51.9%) believed child birth to be the major cause ofUI, followed by ageing (49.5%), menopause (34.2%) and paralysis (25.3%). Most of the subjects (62.3%) believe that UI can cause infection, some (20.5%) believe that it can cause skin allergy and very few think that it can cause cancer or other disorders. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that although UI is relatively common ,it is undereported by the women because of social and cultural attitudes. This findings suggest that strategies to promote care-seeking for incontinence must be developed and employed in the community

Social impact and healthcare- seeking behavior for urinary incontinence among perimenopausal women attending gynae out patient department in BSMMU

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a highly prevalent and burdensome condition among women.However,fewer than half of women with symptoms consult with a physician about incontinence, and determinant of treatment seeking are not well understood.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, awareness and determinants of urinary incontinence (UI) among women attending GOPD in BSMMU and the sociodemographic factors involved in their health care-seeking behaviour.Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out in Gynaeout patient department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University with a sample of 800 women aged 45 yrs and above.Results: A total of 1000 women were recruited for the study by purposive sampling,among them 800 agreed to participate and completed the questionnaire. Of these, 165 (20.6%) were found to have UL Overall, the reason for not seeking medical attention was mainly embarrassment (40.6%) at having to speak with doctor. Of the total study sample, 566 subjects (70.6%) believed that UI was abnormal and worth reporting to a doctor. Coping mechanisms among incontinent women included frequent washing (58.3%) and wearing a protective perineal pad (42.4%), changing underwear frequently (41.3%), decreasing fluid intake (19.8%) and stopping all work (4.9%). Sufferers were most troubled by their inability to pray (64%) maintain marital relationship (47%), limitation of their social activities (20%), difficulty in doing housework (14%) and inconven­ience during shopping (13%). Most (56%) found it most embarrassing to discuss UI with their husbands. The majority of women (51.9%) believed child birth to be the major cause ofUI, followed by ageing (49.5%), menopause (34.2%) and paralysis (25.3%). Most of the subjects (62.3%) believe that UI can cause infection, some (20.5%) believe that it can cause skin allergy and very few think that it can cause cancer or other disorders.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that although UI is relatively common ,it is undereported by the women because of social and cultural attitudes. This findings suggest that strategies to promote care-seeking for incontinence must be developed and employed in the community

Development of a context specific accreditation assessment tool for affirming quality midwifery education in Bangladesh

OBJECTIVE: using the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) Global Standards for Midwifery Education as a conceptual framework, the aim of this study was to explore and describe important 'must haves' for inclusion in a context-specific accreditation assessment tool in Bangladesh. DESIGN: A questionnaire study was conducted using a Likert rating scale and 111 closed-response single items on adherence to accreditation-related statements, ending with an open-ended question. The ICM Global Standards guided data collection, deductive content analysis and description of the quantitative results. SETTING: twenty-five public institutes/colleges (out of 38 in Bangladesh), covering seven out of eight geographical divisions in the country. PARTICIPANTS: one hundred and twenty-three nursing educators teaching the 3-year diploma midwifery education programme. FINDINGS: this study provides insight into the development of a context-specific accreditation assessment tool for Bangladesh. Important components to be included in this accreditation tool are presented under the following categories and domains: 'organization and administration', 'midwifery faculty', 'student body', 'curriculum content', 'resources, facilities and services' and 'assessment strategies'. The identified components were a prerequisite to ensure that midwifery students achieve the intended learning outcomes of the midwifery curriculum, and hence contribute to a strong midwifery workforce. The components further ensure well-prepared teachers and a standardized curriculum supported at policy level to enable effective deployment of professional midwives in the existing health system. KEY CONCLUSIONS: as part of developing an accreditation assessment tool, it is imperative to build ownership and capacity when translating the ICM Global Standards for Midwifery Education into the national context. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: this initiative can be used as lessons learned from Bangladesh to develop a context-specific accreditation assessment tool in line with national priorities, supporting the development of national policies

Foliar Supplementation of Boron Enhances the Performance of Inbred and Hybrid Boro Rice Varieties

A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University during November 2021 to April 2022 to investigate the effects of foliar supplementation of 0.1% aqueous solution of boron (B) to inbred and hybrid boro rice varieties. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design (RCBD) with two factors, viz. variety (inbred ‘BRRI dhna29' and hybrid ‘Lal Teer'), and foliar B supplementation in addition to the recommended basal dose (6 kg ha-1 boric acid) which was applied during the final land preparation. The later factor had four levels, viz. (i) no additional B supplementation (B1), foliar supplementation of B (ii) at tillering stage (B2), (iii) at panicle initiation stage (B3), and (iv) at both tillering and panicle initiation stages (B4). The experiment was replicated four times. The results revealed that hybrid (Lal Teer) variety outperformed the inbred variety (BRRI dhna29) in all yield related parameters, and grain and straw yields. All plant characters, yield contributing characters and yields were significantly affected by B supplementation. Although there were yield differences between inbred and hybrid cultivars, their response patterns to foliar supplementation of B were similar. In both varieties, the highest grain yield was recorded when the crops received foliar doses of B twice (tillering and panicle initiation stages) in addition to the recommended basal B fertilizer. However, a single foliar application of B at the tillering stage produced statistically similar results as two foliar applications. The control treatment (no boron application) produced the lowest grain yield and performed poorly in terms of both plant characters and yield related traits. Therefore, a single foliar application of B during tillering stage is recommended for both inbred and hybrid varieties. [Fundam Appl Agric 2024; 9(2.000): 131-137

Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms of Shigella flexneri isolated in Bangladesh.

To investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella species isolated in Bangladesh and to compare with similar strains isolated in China.A total of 3789 Shigella isolates collected from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of icddr,b, during 2004-2010 were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility. Analysis of plasmids, plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance genes, PFGE, and sequencing of genes of the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDR) were conducted in representative strains isolated in Bangladesh and compared with strains isolated in Zhengding, China. In addition, the role of efflux-pump was studied by using the efflux-pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).Resistance to ciprofloxacin in Shigella species increased from 0% in 2004 to 44% in 2010 and S. flexneri was the predominant species. Of Shigella spp, ciprofloxacin resistant (CipR) strains were mostly found among S. flexneri (8.3%), followed by S. sonnei (1.5%). Within S. flexneri (n = 2181), 14.5% were resistance to ciprofloxacin of which serotype 2a was predominant (96%). MIC of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were 6-32 mg/L, 8-32 mg/L, and 8-24 mg/L, respectively in S. flexneri 2a isolates. Sequencing of QRDR genes of resistant isolates showed double mutations in gyrA gene (Ser83Leu, Asp87Asn/Gly) and single mutation in parC gene (Ser80Ile). A difference in amino acid substitution at position 87 was found between strains isolated in Bangladesh (Asp87Asn) and China (Asp87Gly) except for one. A novel mutation at position 211 (His→Tyr) in gyrA gene was detected only in the Bangladeshi strains. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was increased by the presence of CCCP indicating the involvement of energy dependent active efflux pumps. A single PFGE type was found in isolates from Bangladesh and China suggesting their genetic relatedness.Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella undermines a major challenge in current treatment strategies which needs to be followed up by using empirical therapeutic strategies

Morphostructural studies of pure and mixed metal oxide nanoparticles of Cu with Ni and Zn

Nano-scale interactions between pure metal or metal-oxide components within an oxide matrix can improve functional performance over basic metal oxides. This study reports on the synthesis of monometallic (CuO), bimetallic (CuO–NiO) and trimetallic (CuO–NiO–ZnO) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) via the co-precipitation method and investigation of morphostructural properties. All of the synthesized metal oxide NPs were calcined at 550 °C temperature and annealed under vacuum. In this work, we applied Scherrer formula, modified Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plots, and Halder-Wagner plots to calculate the average crystallite size. The XRD data analysis showed that average crystallite sizes of the as-synthesized metal oxide phases were between 4 nm and 76 nm and average diameters calculated from SEM image were between 15 nm and 83 nm. The XRD studies also disclosed that average crystallite size and lattice microstrain of the CuO phases remain almost same (43 nm–46 nm and 2.074×10−3 to 2.665×10−3) for pure CuO and mixed CuO–NiO; but in case of mixed CuO–NiO–ZnO it is found to decrease in size to 11 nm where lattice microstrain increases to 9.653×10−3. Line broadening of diffraction peaks from microstrain contribution was between 0.02 and 0.01. Degree of crystallinity (%) of CuO phases found to decrease from 81 to 71. Dislocation density of CuO phases found to increase from 6.63×10−4nm−2 to 12.68×10−3nm−2. X-ray density of CuO phases increased from 6.48 to 6.53 g/cm3. Where this calculated small dislocation density well agreed with the high crystallinity. Crystal structure and specific surface area were determined from lattice constants and X-ray density. These synthesized nanopowders showed the existence of monoclinic, cubic, and hexagonal phases. The obtained NPs of multi-metal oxide explained more than one phases with different size, shape, and morphology at nano scale

MIC and amino acid changes in <i>gyr</i>A and <i>par</i>C in representative <i>S</i>. <i>flexneri</i> 2a strains isolated in Bangladesh and China.

<p>Abbreviations: Na, nalidixic acid; Cip, ciprofloxacin; Nor, norfloxacin; Of, ofloxacin; Azm, azithromycin; Cro, ceftriaxone, CCCP, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone ^aWild type, P1∶140, 4, 2.7, 2.1 MDa; P2∶140, 2.7, 2.1 MDa; P3∶140, 8, 2.7, 2.1MDa; P4∶140, 36–62, 2.7, 2.1MDa.</p