The bearable lightness of being

How are philosophical questions about what kinds of things there are to be understood and how are they to be answered? This paper defends broadly Fregean answers to these questions. Ontological categories-such as object, property, and relation-are explained in terms of a prior logical categorization of expressions, as singular terms, predicates of varying degree and level, etc. Questions about what kinds of object, property, etc., there are are, on this approach, reduce to questions about truth and logical form: for example, the question whether there are numbers is the question whether there are true atomic statements in which expressions function as singular terms which, if they have reference at all, stand for numbers, and the question whether there are properties of a given type is a question about whether there are meaningful predicates of an appropriate degree and level. This approach is defended against the objection that it must be wrong because makes what there depend on us or our language. Some problems confronting the Fregean approach-including Frege's notorious paradox of the concept horse-are addressed. It is argued that the approach results in a modest and sober deflationary understanding of ontological commitments

Relation between potassium and the malate and tartrate contents of grape berries

The relationship between potassium and malate and tartrate in grape berries was investigated in fruit from Shiraz vines grown in the glasshouse and from fieldgrown Sultana vines. The potassium content of Shiraz berries was varied by varying the potassium supply and that of the Sultana berries by use of rootstocks.No relations)lip between potassium and malate or tartrate during the acid accumulating stage of berry development was found. However, a direct relationship between potassium and malate developed during ripening. No relationship between potassium and tartrate in ripe berries Was seen. A possible causal relationship between potassium and malate concentrations in ripe grapes is discussed.Ripe Sultana grapes grown on the Vitis champini rootstocks, Dog Ridge and Salt Creek, had higher potassium and malate contents, higher titratable acidity and higher pH values than grapes grown on their own roots. Values for grapes grown on 101-14 and Teleki C stocks were intermediate. The enological significance of these results is discussed.Beziehungen zwischen der Kaliumversorgung und dem Malat- und Tartratgehalt von TraubenbeerenDie Beziehungen zwischen Kalium und Malat bzw. Tartrat in Traubenbeeren wurden bei Shiraz-Trauben aus dem Gewächshaus und Sultana-Trauben aus dem Freiland untersucht. Bei den Shiraz-Beeren wurde der Kaliumgehalt über die Düngung, bei den Sultana-Beeren durch Verwendung unterschiedlicher Unterlagen variiert.Zur Zeit der Säureakkumulation wurde in den Beeren keine Beziehung zwischen Kalium und Malat oder Tartrat gefunden. Während der Reife zeichnete sich jedoch eine unmittelbare Beziehung zwischen Kalium und Malat ab. Zwischen Kalium und Tartrat wurde in den reifen Beeren keine Beziehung festgestellt: Eine denkbare ursächliche Beziehung zwischen dem Kalium- und Malatgehalt der reifen Trauben wird diskutiert. Reife Sultana-Trauben hatten auf den Vitis-champini-Unterlagen Dog Ridge und Salt Creek einen höheren Kalium- und Malatgehalt, mehr titrierbare Säure und höheren pH als Trauben von wurzelechten Reben. Auf den Unterlagen 101-14 und Teleki C gezogene Trauben zeigten mittlere Werte. Die önologische Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse wird diskutiert

Granular fertiliser

There is general agreement that granulation of fertilisers improves their physical characteristics with respect to handling, storage and distribution in the field. These physical advantages rather tan any established agronomic reason appear to be responsible for the increasing use of granular fertiliser

lnfluence of Salt Creek rootstock on composition and quality of Shiraz grapes and wine

Salt Creek rootstock modified the composition and quality of Shiraz grapes and wine. At harvest, grapes from vines grown on Salt Creek stock had a higher pH and higher levels of titratable acidity, malate and potassium and a lower level of soluble solids than grapes from vines grown on their own roots. Wines made from these grapes showed similar differences in composition. In addition, wines made from vines on Salt Creek had lower concentrations of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins (total and ionised) and chloride than wines from ungrafted vines. The Salt Creek wines were less dense in colour, duller in hue and had a greater "chemical age". Sensory evaluations also revealed differences between the wines. Wines from vines on Salt Creek were scored lower than the wines from ungrafted vines. Only part of the difference was due to colour. Der Einfluß der Unterlage Salt Creek auf die Zusammensetzung und Qualität von Trauben und Wein der Sorte ShirazDie Unterlage Salt Creek modifizierte die Zusammensetzung und Qualität der Trauben und des Weines der Rebsorte Shiraz. Bei der Ernte hatten die Trauben auf Salt-Creek-Unterlage einen höheren pH-Wert und höhere Gehalte an titrierbarer Säure, Malat und Kalium, aber weniger lösliche Trockensubstanz als die Trauben wurzelechter Shiraz-Reben. Die aus diesen Trauben hergestellten Weine zeigten in ihrer Zusammensetzung ähnliche Unterschiede. Darüber hinaus hatten Weine von Pfropfreben niedrigere Konzentrationen an phenolischen Verbindungen, Anthocyanen (insgesamt und ionisiert) sowie Chloriden als Weine von wurzelechten Reben. Die Salt-Creek-Weine hatten eine weniger intensive Färbung, einen stumpferen Farbton und ein höheres „chemisches Alter". Auch bei der sensorischen Prüfung wurden Unterschiede zwischen diesen Weinen festgestellt. Die Weine von Reben auf Salt Creek wurden niedriger bewertet als Weine von wurzelechten Reben. Die unterschiedliche Beurteilung war nur teilweise auf Färbungsunterschiede zurückzuführen

Measurements at low energies of the polarization-transfer coefficient Kyy' for the reaction 3H(p,n)3He at 0 degrees

Measurements of the transverse polarization coefficient Kyy' for the reaction 3H(p,n)3He are reported for outgoing neutron energies of 1.94, 5.21, and 5.81 MeV. This reaction is important both as a source of polarized neutrons for nuclear physics experiments, and as a test of theoretical descriptions of the nuclear four-body system. Comparison is made to previous measurements, confirming the 3H(p,n)3He reaction can be used as a polarized neutron source with the polarization known to an accuracy of approximately 5%. Comparison to R-matrix theory suggests that the sign of the 3F3 phase-shift parameter is incorrect. Changing the sign of this parameter dramatically improves the agreement between theory and experiment.Comment: 12 pages, RevTeX, 5 eps figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

The environment and host haloes of the brightest z~6 Lyman-break galaxies

By studying the large-scale structure of the bright high-redshift Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) population it is possible to gain an insight into the role of environment in galaxy formation physics in the early Universe. We measure the clustering of a sample of bright (-22.7<M_UV<-21.125) LBGs at z~6 and use a halo occupation distribution (HOD) model to measure their typical halo masses. We find that the clustering amplitude and corresponding HOD fits suggests that these sources are highly biased (b~8) objects in the densest regions of the high-redshift Universe. Coupled with the observed rapid evolution of the number density of these objects, our results suggest that the shape of high luminosity end of the luminosity function is related to feedback processes or dust obscuration in the early Universe - as opposed to a scenario where these sources are predominantly rare instances of the much more numerous M_UV ~ -19 population of galaxies caught in a particularly vigorous period of star formation. There is a slight tension between the number densities and clustering measurements, which we interpret this as a signal that a refinement of the model halo bias relation at high redshifts or the incorporation of quasi-linear effects may be needed for future attempts at modelling the clustering and number counts. Finally, the difference in number density between the fields (UltraVISTA has a surface density ~1.8 times greater than UDS) is shown to be consistent with the cosmic variance implied by the clustering measurements.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted MNRAS 23rd March 201

Equatorial X-rays and their effect on the lower mesosphere

On the night of May 23/24, 1975, a sequence of rocket and balloon experiments was launched from Chilca Base, Peru (12.5 deg S, 76.8 deg W, magnetic dip = - 0.7 deg). Detailed analysis and comparisons of the data yielded the first direct measurement of lower mesospheric response to a galactic X-ray source. This result could only have been determined at the equator, where cosmic ray background effects are minimal. The objective of the experiments was to seek out the equatorial energetic electron belt, sporadically reported to contain fluxes near auroral levels, measure the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by this particle belt, and determine the influence of this radiation on the middle atmosphere. High altitude rocket payloads (Nike Tomahawk 18.170 and 18.171) were launched to probe the thermosphere during and following the anticipated downward drift period. Each carried an on-axis X-ray scintillation detector and Geiger Mueller energetic electron detectors. Magnetometers and lunar sensors were used to determine payload aspect

Cardiac Output Dependency on Exercising Muscle Mass During Ergometer Exercise in Healthy Women

Please refer to the pdf version of the abstract located adjacent to the title

Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of neutron-alpha scattering

We describe a new method to treat low-energy scattering problems in few-nucleon systems, and we apply it to the five-body case of neutron-alpha scattering. The method allows precise calculations of low-lying resonances and their widths. We find that a good three-nucleon interaction is crucial to obtain an accurate description of neutron-alpha scattering.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letter

A Variational Principle for Eigenvalue Problems of Hamiltonian Systems

We consider the bifurcation problem $u'' + \lambda u = N(u)$ with two point boundary conditions where $N(u)$ is a general nonlinear term which may also depend on the eigenvalue $\lambda$. We give a variational characterization of the bifurcating branch $\lambda$ as a function of the amplitude of the solution. As an application we show how it can be used to obtain simple approximate closed formulae for the period of large amplitude oscillations.Comment: 10 pages Revtex, 2 figures include