Dust-Charge Variation Effects on Dust ion Acoustic Shock Waves in Four Component Quantum Plasma

The behavior of nonlinear quantum dust ion acoustic (QDIA) shock waves in a collisionless, unmagnetized plasma consisting of inertialess quantum electrons and positrons, classical cold ions and stationary negatively charged dust grains with dust charge variation is investigated using quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) equations. The propagation of small amplitude QDIA shock waves is governed by Burgers equation. It is shown that the dust charge variation plays an important role in the formation of such QDIA shock structures. The dependence of the shock waves amplitude and thickness on the chemical potential is investigated. The present theory is applicable to analyze the formation of nonlinear structures at quantum scales in dense astrophysical objects

Kasus Hipertensi pada Kehamilan di Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Hipertensi dalam kehamilan (HDK) merupakan kelainan vaskular yang terjadi sebelum kehamilan atau timbul dalam kehamilan atau pada masa nifas. Lebih dari 30% kematian maternal di Indonesia disebabkan oleh HDK. HDK merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal, fetal dan neonatal. Gambaran etiologi HDK masih belum jelas, sehingga kelainan ini sering dikenal the diseases of theory. Upaya dini untuk mengidentifikasi hipertensi dalam kehamilan dapat dilakukan dengan mengetahui faktor risiko hipertensi baik yang dapat diubah (modifiable) yaitu perilaku sehat & yang tidak bisa diubah (nonmodifiable) seperti faktor risiko yang melekat pada ibu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor risiko gangguan hipertensi dalam kehamilan di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik consecutive sampling dan berasal dari 447 kabupaten dan 33 propinsi di Indonesia. Subjek penelitian adalah seluruh ibu hamil yang menjadi sampel Riskesdas tahun 2013 yang berusia 15-54 tahun dengan jumlah 9.024 ibu hamil. Chi-square dan binomial regression digunakan untuk menghitung pengaruh faktor risiko HDK dengan melihat nilai rasio prevalensi (RP). Hasil: Prevalensi hipertensi ibu hamil sebesar 6,18% (558 orang) setelah disesuaikan dengan variabel luar yang berpotensi sebagai confounder. Jumlah hipertensi paling banyak di Propinsi Jawa Barat yaitu 59 ibu hamil (10,57%). Overweight dan hipertensi kronik berhubungan terhadap gangguan hipertensi dalam kehamilan dengan RP: 2,13 (95%CI 1,80-2,51) pada overweight dan RP: 4,36 (95%CI 3,61-5,26) pada hipertensi kronik. Penggunaan alat kontrasepsi bukan merupakan faktor risikoterhadap gangguan hipertensi di Indonesia RP 0,92 (95%CI 0,76-1,10). Kesimpulan: Overweight dan hipertensi kronik merupakan faktor risiko kejadian gangguan hipertensi dalam kehamilan di Indonesia. Ibu hamil diharapkan dapat menjaga berat badan ideal yang dianjurkan pada masa gestasi dan lebih mewaspadai risiko yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian hipertensi dalam kehamilan seperti riwayat hipertensi kronik

Evolution of microstructural and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Co2FeAl Heusler alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

Mechanical alloying (MA) has been used to fabricate the Co2FeAl Heusler alloy with a nanocrystalline structure. The formation mechanism of the alloy has been investigated. Rietveld analysis showed that all samples that were milled for more than 15 hours had an L21 structure with a space group of Fm3m. The crystallite size and internal strain of the samples were calculated using the Williamson-Hall equation. With mechanical alloying of up to 20 hours the crystallite size of Co2FeAl increased, after which the crystallite size started to decrease. In contrast, internal strain first decreased during the process and then increased with the increase of milling time. The powder obtained after 20 hours of MA was split into three parts and separately annealed at 300, 500 and 700 oC for 5 hours. A considerable increase was observed in the hardness value of powder particles with the increase of annealing temperature up to 500 oC. However, the hardness value of the sample annealed at 700 oC decreased. It seems that this feature is related to parameters such as increase of crystallite size, enhancement of lattice ordering, change in density of defects and impurities and nonstoichiometric effects

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bam: A Comparative Evaluation of Pre- and Post- Earthquake Years (1999-2008)

Background: The recent devastating earthquake of December 26 in Bam, 2003 created various risk factors; caused a sharp increase in incidence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases and reached to an epidemic proportion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the status of ACL cases five years before the earthquake compared to the cases occurred five years after the earthquake (1999-2008). Methods: Status of disease was assessed retrospectively for the five years before the earthquake and prospectively for the five years after the earthquake. Identification was confirmed by smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The mean annual incidence of ACL for the period from 1999 to 2003 was 1.9 per 1000 comparing to post earthquake period, which was 7.6 per 1000. Most of the infection was in individuals of <20 years, more frequently in females before the earthquake, whilst in contrast, there was a progressive rise in the number of cases, significantly in male individuals of >20 years (P< 0.0001) in post earthquake era. The anatomical distribution of lesions considerably changed during the two periods. Most of the cases were limited to three zones within the city prior to the earthquake, whereas it was spread throughout different zones after the earthquake. PCR indicated that the CL was due to Leishmania tropica in the city. Conclusion: The results strongly suggest that in natural disasters such as earthquakes various precipitating factors in favor of disease will be created, which in turn provide a suitable condition for propagation of the vector and the transmission of the parasite

Behind the silence of harmony: risk factors for physical and sexual violence among women in rural Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world. Few studies have identified the risk factors of Indonesian women for domestic violence. Such research will be useful for the development of prevention programs aiming at reducing domestic violence. Our study examines associations between physical and sexual violence among rural Javanese Indonesian women and sociodemographic factors, husband's psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and attitudes toward violence and gender roles. METHODS: A cohort of pregnant women within the Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in Purworejo district, Central Java, Indonesia, was enrolled in a longitudinal study between 1996 and 1998. In the following year (1999), a cross-sectional domestic violence household survey was conducted with 765 consenting women from that cohort. Female field workers, trained using the WHO Multi-Country study instrument on domestic violence, conducted interviews. Crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% CI were applied for analysis. RESULTS: Lifetime exposure to sexual and physical violence was 22% and 11%. Sexual violence was associated with husbands' demographic characteristics (less than 35 years and educated less than 9 years) and women's economic independence. Exposure to physical violence among a small group of women (2-6%) was strongly associated with husbands' personal characteristics; being unfaithful, using alcohol, fighting with other men and having witnessed domestic violence as a child. The attitudes and norms expressed by the women confirm that unequal gender relationships are more common among women living in the highlands and being married to poorly educated men. Slightly more than half of the women (59%) considered it justifiable to refuse coercive sex. This attitude was also more common among financially independent women (71%), who also had a higher risk of exposure to sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: Women who did not support the right of women to refuse sex were more likely to experience physical violence, while those who justified hitting for some reasons were more likely to experience sexual violence. Our study suggests that Javanese women live in a high degree of gender-based subordination within marriage relationships, maintained and reinforced through physical and sexual violence. Our findings indicate that women's risk of physical and sexual violence is related to traditional gender norms

Convergent evolutionary trajectories uncover metastatic drivers in renal cancer

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