Evaluating China's fossil-fuel CO2 emissions from a comprehensive dataset of nine inventories

China s fossil-fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions accounted for approximately 28% of the global total FFCO2 in 2016. An accurate estimate of China s FFCO2 emissions is a prerequisite for global and regional carbon budget analyses and the monitoring of carbon emission reduction efforts. However, significant uncertainties and discrepancies exist in estimations of China s FFCO2 emissions due to a lack of detailed traceable emission factors (EFs) and multiple statistical data sources. Here, we evaluated China s FFCO2 emissions from nine published global and regional emission datasets. These datasets show that the total emissions increased from 3.4 (3.0 3.7) in 2000 to 9.8 (9.2 10.4) Gt CO2 yr-1 in 2016. The variations in these estimates were largely due to the different EF (0.491 0.746 t C per t of coal) and activity data. The large-scale patterns of gridded emissions showed a reasonable agreement, with high emissions being concentrated in major city clusters, and the standard deviation mostly ranged from 10% to 40% at the provincial level. However, patterns beyond the provincial scale varied significantly, with the top 5% of the grid level accounting for 50 % 90% of total emissions in these datasets. Our findings highlight the significance of using locally measured EF for Chinese coal. To reduce uncertainty, we recommend using physical CO2 measurements and use these values for dataset validation, key input data sharing (e.g., point sources), and finer-resolution validations at various levels

Preparation and Anti-Icing Properties of Zirconia Superhydrophobic Coating

Zirconia (ZrO2) is a ceramic material with high-temperature resistance and good insulating properties. Herein, for the first time, the surface of ZrO2 was modified with docosanoic acid (DCA) to improve its self-cleaning and hydrophobic properties. This surface modification transformed the surface of ZrO2 from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. A two-step spraying method was used to prepare the superhydrophobic surface of ZrO2 by sequentially applying a primer and a topcoat. The primer was a solution configured using an epoxy resin as the adhesive and polyamide as the curing agent, while the topcoat was a modified ZrO2 solution. The superhydrophobic surface of ZrO2 exhibited a contact angle of 154° and a sliding angle of 4°. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and other analytical techniques were used to characterize the prepared zirconia particles and their surfaces. Moreover, results from surface self-cleaning and droplet freezing tests showed that DCA-modified ZrO2 can be well combined, and its coatings show good self-cleaning and anti-icing properties on TA2 bases

Study on Poultry Pose Estimation Based on Multi-Parts Detection

Poultry pose estimation is a prerequisite for evaluating abnormal behavior and disease prediction in poultry. Accurate pose-estimation enables poultry producers to better manage their poultry. Because chickens are group-fed, how to achieve automatic poultry pose recognition has become a problematic point for accurate monitoring in large-scale farms. To this end, based on computer vision technology, this paper uses a deep neural network (DNN) technique to estimate the posture of a single broiler chicken. This method compared the pose detection results with the Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) algorithm, You Only Look Once (YOLOV3) algorithm, RetinaNet algorithm, and Faster_R-CNN algorithm. Preliminary tests show that the method proposed in this paper achieves a 0.0128 standard deviation of precision and 0.9218 ± 0.0048 of confidence (95%) and a 0.0266 standard deviation of recall and 0.8996 ± 0.0099 of confidence (95%). By successfully estimating the pose of broiler chickens, it is possible to facilitate the detection of abnormal behavior of poultry. Furthermore, the method can be further improved to increase the overall success rate of verification

Comprehensive evaluation of the impact of CuO nanoparticles on nitrogen transformation in the coastal aquaculture area

CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are increasingly used in marine antifouling paints and as an antimicrobial antifouling agent in aquaculture industry, thus greatly increasing the probability of their release into the coastal aquaculture environments. With the wide application of CuO NPs, their potential environmental impact is currently highly topical focus of concern. In this study, the short term (7 days) and long term (35 days) effect of CuO NPs on the nitrogen transformation of sediment in the coastal aquaculture area were investigated. It was demonstrated that the addition of CuO NPs could lead to the increase in ammonium and decrease in nitrate concentration after a long-term exposure. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDA) release assays and NADH detection suggested that CuO NPs could significantly inhibit the viability of bacteria. Metagenomic results further indicated that CuO NPs could obviously impact the functional gene and metabolic enzymes related to nitrogen metabolic pathway and glycolysis pathway which confirmed the inhibitory impact of CuO NPs on nitrogen transformation. Overall, this study highlights the impact of CuO NPs on the nitrogen transformation in the sediment of coastal aquaculture area and reveals the release of CuO NPs should be controlled because of their potential for eutrophication

Disclosing the ecological implications of heavy metal disturbance on the microbial N-transformation process in the ocean tidal flushing urban estuary

Anthropogenic source of heavy metals in the estuary-coastal sediment could cause serious environmental con-cerns. Thus, much needs to be concerned about the linkages between bacterial community, microbial nitrogen processes and heavy metals accumulation in the ocean tidal flush urban estuary where the river meet the sea. In this study, Illumina sequencing analysis and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were adopted to detect the effect of heavy metals on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation genes from vertical sediment profiles in the four tidal flush estuaries. Results indicated that bacterial community and structure varied greatly from the vertical and spatial distribution. The vertical distribution of heavy metals varied greatly in the different groups. It was concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals mainly occurred in the medium layer of the depth from 40 cm to 70 cm. Heavy metals were found to pose a significant influence on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation genes. The abundance of denitrification genes was highly associated with Cr, Zn, As and the abundance of amoA was vulnerable to the influence of Ni. Both denitrification and nitrification genes were greatly affected by C and N content, which indicated that the enhanced nitrogen transformation activities mainly occurred in the top layer sediment. Our results indicated that the bacterial community and nitrogen trans-formation functional genes were sensitive to the variation of heavy metals and nutrient content, which will provide new insight into the microbial N-cycling process influenced by pollutant and show a potential strategy for discharge management in the circumstances of estuary-coastal zones

A novel green approach for fabricating visible, light sensitive nano-broccoli-like antimony trisulfide by marine Sb(v)-reducing bacteria: Revealing potential self-purification in coastal zones

Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is industrially important for processes ranging from a semiconductor dopant through batteries to a flame retardant. Approaches for fabricating Sb2S3 nanostructures or thin films are by chemical or physicochemical methods, while there have been no report focused on the biological synthesis of nano Sb2S3. In the present study, we fabricated nano-broccoli-like Sb2S3 using Sb(V) reducing bacteria. Thirty four marine and terrestrial strains are capable of fabricating Sb2S3 after 1-5 days of incubation in different selective media. The nano-broccoli-like bio-Sb2S3 was light sensitive between 400-550 nm, acting as a photo-catalyst with the bandgap energy of 1.84 eV. Moreover, kinetic and mechanism studies demonstrated that a k value of similar to 0.27 h(-1) with an R-2 = 0.99. The bio-Sb2S3 supplemented system exhibited approximately 18.4 times higher photo-catalytic activity for degrading methyl orange (MO) to SO42-, CO2 and H2O compared with that of control system, which had a k value of similar to 0.015 h(-1) (R-2=0.99) under visible light. Bacterial community shift analyses showed that the addition of S or Fe species to the media significantly changed the bacterial communities driven by antimony stress. From this work it appears Clostridia, Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria from marine sediment are potentially ideal candidates for fabricating bio-Sb2S3 due to their excellent electron transfer capability. Based on the above results, we propose a potential visible light bacterially catalyzed self-purification of both heavy metal and persistent organic contamination polluted coastal waters.</p

Exploring the variation of bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes under the pressure of heavy metals in different coastal mariculture patterns

Equilibrium in microbial dynamics and nitrogen transformation in the sediment is critical for maintaining healthy mariculture environment. However, our understanding about the impact of heavy metals on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes in different mariculture patterns is still limited. Here, we analyzed 30 sediment samples in the vertical distribution from three different mariculture patterns mainly include open mariculture zone (K), closed mariculture pond (F) and pristine marine area (Q). Illumina MiSeq Sequencing was applied to investigate the bacterial community and structure in the sediment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen transformation functional genes. Results showed that bacterial community and structure varied greatly in different mariculture patterns. Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota were predominant phyla in the coastal mariculture area. High concentrations of heavy metals mainly enriched in the up layer (5-40 cm) of the sediment in the mariculture zone. The abundance of functional genes in the closed mariculture pond was much higher than the open mariculture zone and pristine marine area. And the high abundance of nitrification and denitrification functional genes mainly accumulated at the depth from 5 cm to 40 cm. Heavy metals content such as Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and nutrient content NH4+-N, NO3--N and NO2--N were highly associated with bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes. This study comprehensively elaborated the effect of heavy metals on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes in different coastal mariculture patterns, indicating the possible role of closed mariculture pond in reducing nitrogen transformation efficiency, which will provide useful information for preventing pollution risk in the mariculture area