Neutron Radiation Genereted Charges Trapped In Mos Devices

ABSTRAK Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits are currently the cornerstones of the modern microelectronics industry. The primary physical effect of neutron bombarding semiconductor material is the formation of displacement defects within the crystal lattice structure. Neutron radiation causes failure of MOS devices due to two mechanisms, that is, trapped charge density buildup in the silicon dioxide layer, and an increasing in the density of trapping states at the silicon dioxide interface. The neutron radiation induced interface traps cause a degradation in mobility of the carriers in the channel of the MOS transistor, this leads to a reduction in channel conductance and transconductance for the transistor, and thus a decrease in gain. Kata kunci: Radiasi neutro

Basics of Counting Islamic Doctrines and Sects; and it’s Classification by the Famous People of Articles Until the End of the of Sixth Century AH.

يعد موضوع الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية من الموضوعات المهمة والمثيرة للجدل بسبب حساسيته في المجتمع الإسلامي والتأثر والتعصب المذهبي لدى أكثر المصنفين الذي خاضوا غمار هذا الجانب من التراث الإسلامي مما أّدّى إلى تكوين فكرة جامدة في هذا الإطار وموقف معادٍ لمن يخالفهم في العقيدة والمذهب، وقد اخترنا عنوان:(أسس عد الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية وتصنيفها عند أصحاب المقالات حتى نهاية القرن السابع الهجري). وقصدنا بأصحاب المقالات الذين كتبوا في موضوع الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية؛ وذلك من أجل الوقوف على الأسس التي اعتمدها هؤلاء الكُتَّاب في عدّ الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية وتصنيفها ومعرفة مدى واقعيتها. فوجدنا أنفسنا أمام مادة سردية مكررة يتداولها أكثر المؤلفين جيلاً بعد جيل من دون تحليل وتمحيص ومن دون أنْ يقدموا جديداً فيها ولا سيما ما يخص عدد الفرق والمذاهب في الإسلام وتصنيفها مستندين في هذا إلى فهمهم وتفسيرهم للحديث المروي عن النبي محمد (h) في افتراق الأمة إلى ثلاثة وسبعين فرقة أو لدفاعهم عن مذاهبهم التي ينتمون إليها. محاولين جاهدين أنْ يرسموا في مخيلة المسلمين أنّ فرقتهم التي ينتسبون إليها هي الناجية وأنّ أتباع الفرق الأُخر على ظلالة وفي النار.      وقد استرسل من كتب في هذا الموضوع بقدر استطاعته في تكثير الفرق والمذاهب والانحياز بشكل أو بآخر إلى الفرقة التي ينتمي إليها في عقيدته ومذهبه،  لذلك وجدنا من الضروري معرفة وفهم الأسس التي بنى عليها المؤلفون قوانينهم في عد الفرق والمذاهب في الإسلام  وتصنيفها، فمن غير المنطقي قراءة الفرق الواردة في هذه الكتب قراءة سردية دون معرفة خلفيات ذلك؛ لأنّ هذا الموضوعات يعد من المواضيع المهمة في ماضي المسلمين وحاضرهم ومستقبلهم. وقد اعتمدنا على طريقة جمع المادة من مصادرها الأولية واستنطاقها وتحليلها تحليلاً علميَّا موضوعيَّا للوصول إلى الحقيقة. وقد بني البحث على مقدمة وثلاثة مباحث وخاتمة ثم قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع. تناولنا في المبحث الأول الأسس التي اعتمدها أشهر مؤلفي القرنين الثالث والرابع الهجريين في عد الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية وتصنيفها، وتناولنا في المبحث الثاني الأسس التي اعتمدها أشهر مؤلفي القرنين الخامس والسادس الهجريين في عد الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية وتصنيفها، أما المبحث الثالث فقد خصصناه للبحث في الأسس التي اعتمدها أشهر مؤلفي القرن السابع الهجري في عد الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية وتصنيفها. وقد اخترنا هذه المدة الزمنية؛ لأنَّ المادة العلمية التي كتبها أشهر الكتاب في هذا المجال تعد الأساس الذي اعتمد عليه من جاء بعدهم وبنوا عليها بنيانهم في بيان الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية. ثم جاءت خاتمة البحث لتحمل أهم النتائج التي توصلنا إليها، تبعها قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع التي رفدت البحث. The subject of Islamic doctrines and sects is one of the most important and controversial topics, because of its sensitivity in the Islamic community and the influence of sectarianism intolerance on the part of most of the artists who participated in this aspect of the Islamic heritage, which led to the formation of a rigid idea in this context and a hostile position to those who disagree with the doctrine. We have chosen the title (The bases of the counting of Islamic doctrines and sects and their classification among the authors until the end of the seventh century AH). We intended the authors of the articles who wrote on the subject of Islamic doctrines and sects, in order to identify the bases adopted by those writers in counting the Islamic doctrines and sects and classifying them and knowing their extent of reality. We found ourselves in front of a narrative material repeated by most of the authors generation after generation without analysis and scrutiny and without providing something new in it, especially with regard to the number of doctrines and sects in Islam and their classification based on this to their understanding and interpretation of the narrated Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) To the separation of the nation to seventy-three groups or their defend their own sects that they belong to. Trying hard to draw in the imagination of the Muslims that their division to which they belong is the survivor and that the followers of the other teams in the shadow and in hell.   And go who wrote on this subject as much as possible in the multiplication of doctrines and sects and bias in one way or another to the division that he belongs to in his faith and doctrine, so we found that it is necessary to know and understand the bases on which the authors built their laws in counting the doctrines and sects in Islam and their classification, it is illogical to read The difference in these books just like narrative reading without knowing the background of this; because this topic is one of the important topics in the past of Muslims and their present and future.                                We have relied on the method of collecting, questioning and analyzing the material from its primary sources and conducting an objective scientific analysis to arrive at the truth. The research was based on an introduction, three topics, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references.  In the first part, we discussed the foundations adopted by the most famous authors of the third and fourth centuries AH in the counting and classification of Islamic doctrines and sects. In the second section, we discussed the bases adopted by the most famous authors of the fifth and sixth centuries AH in counting and categorizing Islamic doctrines and sects. In the third section, we discussed the most famous authors of the seventh century AH in the counting of Islamic doctrines and sects and their classification. We have chosen this period of time because the scientific material written by the most famous writers in this area is the basis on which it was adopted by those who came after them and built their structure in the statement of Islamic sects and sects. Then came the conclusion of the research to bear the most important results we have reached, followed by a list of sources and references that supported the research.              Through the research we found that the narrated hadith about the Prophet Muhammad (PBUM): "My nation will be divided into seventy-three division in in hell and  only one survivor division," and this  was the most fundamental basis on which the owners of articles in the counting of the Islamic doctrines and sects and their classification, but they refrained in explaining this hadith and they assigned in  numbering of divisions  and their classification until it reached to the required number and  their assignment contrary to the law of development and natural facts to develop the groups had stopped during the first centuries in this field.                                  &nbsp

A comparative study between x-rays and gamma-rays irradiation on electrical characteristics of bipolar junction transistors (BJTS)

Irradiation impact of gamma rays and X-rays on bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in terms of electronic excitation due to transfer of energy and subsequent ionization, as well as energy transfer to atomic nuclei is studied using in-situ method. Comparison is made on the electrical characteristics of the devices under test (DUT) for various collecting current at two different operating mode. Both temporary and permanent damages in DUTs are found to be induced by energy transfer from the irradiation by gamma-rays and X-rays, depending upon total dose absorbed and current drive. Increased probability of recombination, due to creation of electron–hole pairs at the base region is found to be the most significant radiation damage in BJTs, as it leads to decrease in electron flux reaching the collector region

Prevelacne of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury; a retrospective study

Pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are associated with incredible financial cost and human sufferings. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine prevalence of pressure ulcers amongst patients with different levels of SCI

Wave based damage detection in solid structures using spatially asymmetric encoder-decoder network

The identification of structural damages takes a more and more important role within the modern economy, where often the monitoring of an infrastructure is the last approach to keep it under public use. Conventional monitoring methods require specialized engineers and are mainly time-consuming. This research paper considers the ability of neural networks to recognize the initial or alteration of structural properties based on the training processes. The presented model, a spatially asymmetric encoder-decoder network, is based on 1D-Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for wave field pattern recognition, or more specifically the wave field change recognition. The proposed model is used to identify the change within propagating wave fields after a crack initiation within the structure. The paper describes the implemented method and the required training procedure to get a successful crack detection accuracy, where the training data are based on the dynamic lattice model. Although the training of the model is still time-consuming, the proposed new method has an enormous potential to become a new crack detection or structural health monitoring approach within the conventional monitoring methods

Enteroenteric fistulae in ccute bowel ischemia

Gastrointestinal fistulae are classified as enteroenteric or enterocutaneous. Most gastrointestinal fistulae are formed after surgical procedures for inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy. For spontaneous enteroenteric fistulae, ischemia has been reported as a possible etiology. We report two cases of spontaneous enteroenteric fistulae arising after bowel ischemia; a 38-year male with a 10-day history of severe abdominal pain with fever and vomiting, and a 22-year female with a one-week history of abdominal pain and diarrhea. Arterial and venous thrombi in association with enteroenteric fistulae were identified on computed tomography. These cases point towards acute mesenteric ischemia as a rare cause of spontaneous enteroenteric fistulae. Surgical management of these fistulae can be effective in resolving this complication

Resistive switching in FTO/CuO-Cu2O/Au memory devices

Memristors are considered to be next-generation non-volatile memory devices owing to their fast switching and low power consumption. Metal oxide memristors have been extensively investigated and reported to be promising devices, although they still suffer from poor stability and laborious fabrication process. Herein, we report a stable and power-efficient memristor with novel heterogenous electrodes structure and facile fabrication based on CuO-Cu2O complex thin films. The proposed structure of the memristor contains an active complex layer of cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) sandwiched between fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and gold (Au) electrodes. The fabricated memristors demonstrate bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior with a low working voltage (~1 V), efficient power consumption, and high endurance over 100 switching cycles. We suggest the RS mechanism of the proposed device is related to the formation and rupture of conducting filaments inside the memristor. Moreover, we analyze the conduction mechanism and electron transport in the active layer of the device during the RS process. Such a facile fabricated device has a promising potential for future memristive applications

Effects of total Dose irradiation on Semiconductor devices

The amount of ionizing radiation that semiconductor devices encounter during their lifecycle degrades both of their functional and electrical parameter performances. The different radiation environments either in space, high energy physics experiments, nuclear environment or fabrication process as well as for standard terrestrial operation possess an impact on the devices. This makes that the devices based on III-V semiconductors are probable to be critical components of future electronic systems as the demand for greater robustness and susceptibility to well function in rigorous radiation environments continue to increase. Expanding electronic systems into such radiation environments requires a full understanding of the effects that ionizing radiation will have on the semiconductor properties. In this research, analytical studies of the effects of ionizing radiation introduced in commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) NPN bipolar junction transistors (BITs) and optoelectronic devices by ionizing radiation, Cobalt- 60 (60Co) gamma (y) rays and x-rays had been performed. The Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects are cumulative and gradually take place throughout the lifecycle of the devices exposed to radiation. Ionizing radiation causes ionization by possesses enough energy to break the atomic bonds which in turn create electrons and holes pairs in the devices. This phenomenon leads to ionizing damage as a result of trapping of excess charges on or near the surfaces of their insulating layers and interfaces. At the end of this testing, the devices under test (OUT) were found to undergo performance and also temporarily degradation in both of their functional and electrical parameters due to the accumulated total dose effects. These damaging effects were depending on their driving current and also the Total TID absorbed

Time-Domain Investigation of Switchable Filter Wide-Band Antenna for Microwave Breast Imaging

RÉSUMÉ: This paper investigates the time-domain performance of a switchable filter impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) antenna for microwave breast imaging applications. A miniaturized CPW-fed integrated filter antenna with switchable performance in the range of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands could operate well within a 3.0 to 11 GHz frequency range. The time-domain performance of the filter antenna was investigated in comparison to that of the designed reference wideband antenna. By comparing both antennas’ time-domain characteristics, it was seen that the switchable filter antenna had good time-domain resolution along with the frequency-domain operation. Additionally, the time-domain investigation revealed that the switchable filter wide-band antenna performed similarly to the reference wide band antenna. This antenna was also utilized for a tumor detection application, and it was seen that the switchable filter wide-band antenna could detect a miniaturized irregularly shaped tumor easily, which is quite promising. Such an antenna with a good time-domain resolution and tumor detection capability will be a good candidate and will find potential applications in microwave breast imaging