VISUALISASI TETESAN AIR MENGGUNAKAN LATTICE BOLTZMANN

 Water is the important element in of live, every day met with the water, Water is a chemical element that is easily deformed, many factors influence began from nature of the water itself until gravity ,the laws of physics is also present in water droplets phenomenon One such the law of force. the unique nature the water is fairly difficult for computer engineering. However With the development of computer technology now can make a visualization that is similar to the events nature. like this techniques has been apply in making movies and also games, some are used for visual effects that could not be created a real. In this study, authors try to visualize the water droplets with a fluid with one method LatticeBoltzmann fairly simple and powerful in accuracy. Visualization is made a water droplet falling on a cross-section due to gravity at work

Endothelial Dysfunction in Dengue Hemorhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is characterized by fever, bleeding, and pleural effusion which may be caused by increased vascular permeability. Based on these findings it is assumed that endothelial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of DHF. The aims of this study was to know whether endothelial dysfunction occurs in DHF by measuring sVCAM-1, vWF, and D dimer. The relationship between endothelial dysfunction and severity of the disease would also be analyzed. This was a cross sectional study which involved 31 DHF patients and 30 non DHF fever patients as control group. The level of sVCAM-1 was determined by ELISA method, vWF by enzyme linked fluorescent assay , and D dimer by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The results indicated that mean of sVCAM-1 level in DHF group and control group were 1323 ng/mL and 1003 ng/mL, while standard deviation (SD) were 545 ng/mL and 576 ng/mL respectively. The mean of vWF level in DHF group and control group were 284% and 327%, with SD 130% and 141% respectively. The level of sVCAM-1 did not correlate with platelet count, albumin level, D dimer level and severity of disease. There was a weak correlation between vWF level with D dimer and severity of disease ( r = 0,472 and r = -0,450 ). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that endothelial dysfunction occurs in DHF, but there is no correlation between sVCAM-1 with severity of disease, only a weak correlation between vWF with D dimer and severity of disease is found

Diphtheria Epidemiology in Indonesia during 2010-2017

Background: in recent years, diphtheria has reemerged in several countries including Venezuela, Yemen, Bangladesh, and Haiti. Similarly, Indonesia also showed an increased number of diphtheria cases in 2010-2017 despite the Diphteria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP) immunization program applied in Indonesia for children. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of diphtheria cases which occurred in Indonesia during 2010-2017. Methods: this was a retrospective study of diphtheria cases in Indonesia. The following source of data about diphtheria disease burden and vaccine coverage was obtained from Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Pediatric Society and World Health Organization South East Asia Regional Office. Results: the number of diphtheria cases in Indonesia were distributed across 30 provinces with a total of 811 cases in 2011; 1,192 cases in 2012; 296 cases in 2014; and 939 cases in 2017. Based on age group, the highest number of case fatality rate were in age group of 5-9 years old. Diphtheria immunization coverage in Indonesia among children was fluctuated, reported as 67.7 % in 2007, 61.9 % in 2010, 75.6% in 2013 and 61.3% in 2018. In addition to that, the organization of internal medicine has recommend booster of DPT immunization every 10 years for those children that had received complete DPT vaccination during childhood, however this was not applied. As the countermeasure towards this trend, the Ministry of Health implemented three rounds of Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) targeted for the age group of 0-1-6 months old and 1-18 years old in 2017 and tailor approached for adults that had exposed to cases. Banten, DKI Jakarta and West Java were the first three provinces to implement this program considering their condensed population and high risk of disease transmission. Conclusion: in Indonesia, there was dramatic increase of diphtheria case in 2010-2017, where immunization in children should be reinforced by increasing coverage more than 95% and adult boosted vaccination approaches should be initiated to prevent the spread of these fatal diphtheria diseases in Indonesia

The Difference of Angiopoietin-2 Levels between Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients with Shock and without Shock

BACKGROUND: Dengue infection is one of the problems in the national health sector in Indonesia because the incidence and mortality in Indonesia due to dengue infection is still very high. In 2005 Indonesia became the highest contributor to dengue infection in Southeast Asia (53%) with 95.270 people and 1.298 deaths. AIM: This study aims to analyse differences in angiopoietin-2 levels in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) with and without shock. METHODS: This study was a consecutive sampling design with the research subject was obtained based on the order of admission to the hospital — the serum Angiopoietin-2 levels using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is the independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULT: The result showed that the mean of Angiopoietin-2 levels in DHF patients with shock was higher than in DHF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there was a difference in the average level of Angiopoietin-2 among DHF patients with shock compared to without shock

Spatiotemporal variability in dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 70% of the global burden of dengue disease occurs on the Asian continent, where many large urban centres provide optimal environments for sustained endemic transmission and periodic epidemic cycles. Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is a densely populated megacity with hyperendemic dengue transmission. Characterization of the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue transmission intensity is of key importance for optimal implementation of novel control and prevention programmes, including vaccination. In this paper we use mathematical models to provide the first detailed description of spatial and temporal variability in dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We applied catalytic models in a Bayesian framework to age-stratified dengue case notification data to estimate dengue force of infection and reporting probabilities in 42 subdistricts of Jakarta. The model was fitted to yearly and average annual data covering a 10-year period between 2008 and 2017. We estimated a long-term average annual transmission intensity of 0.130 (95%CrI: 0.129-0.131) per year in Jakarta province, ranging from 0.090 (95%CrI: 0.077-0.103) to 0.164 (95%CrI: 0.153-0.174) across subdistricts. Annual average transmission intensity in Jakarta province during the 10-year period ranged from 0.012 (95%CrI: 0.011-0.013) in 2017 to 0.124 (95%CrI: 0.121-0.128) in 2016. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While the absolute number of dengue case notifications cannot be relied upon as a measure of endemicity, the age-distribution of reported dengue cases provides valuable insights into the underlying nature of transmission. Our estimates from yearly and average annual case notification data represent the first detailed estimates of dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta's subdistricts. These will be important to consider when assessing the population-level impact and cost-effectiveness of potential control and prevention programmes in Jakarta province, such as the controlled release of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes and vaccination

Cervical cancer prevention in Indonesia:An updated clinical impact, cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis

Introduction The clinical and economic impact of cervical cancer consistently become a serious burden for all countries, including Indonesia. The implementation of HPV vaccination policy for a big country such as Indonesia requires a strong commitment from several decision-makers. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description on cost-effectiveness and the budget-impact of HPV vaccination policy in Indonesia. Method A cohort Markov model was used to evaluate the cost and the clinical impact of HPV vaccination for 10 years old girls in Indonesia. The researchers consider two doses of all three available HPV vaccines adjusted with the HPV infection profile with 95% vaccination coverage to estimate the national cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The Budget impact analysis explores three different scenarios covering (1) Two districts per year expansion, (2) oneprovince per year expansion and (3) achieving the National Immunization Program in 2024. Results Upon fully vaccinating almost 2.3 million 10-year-old girls, 34,723; 43,414; and 51,522 cervical cancer cases were prevented by Quadrivalent, Bivalent and Nonavalent vaccines, consecutively. Furthermore, the highest (591 cases) and lowest (399 cases) mortality were prevented by Nonavalent and Quadrivalent vaccines, respectively. Most of the vaccines were considerably cost-effective and only the Bivalent vaccine with the GAVI/UNICEF price which will be considered a cost-saving strategy. To provide national coverage of HPV vaccination in Indonesia, the government has to provide an annual budget of about US$49 million and US$22 million using the government contract price and GAVI/UNICEF price, respectively. Conclusion HPV vaccination shows a cost-effective strategy and the budget required to provide this policy is considerably affordable for Indonesia

The Difference of sVE-Cadherin Levels between Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients with Shock and without Shock

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus infection is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue virus (DEN-V) consists of 4 serotypes, namely DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The most feared result of DHF is death. Death in children is caused by hypovolemic shock due to plasma leakage from intravascular to extravascular space due to endothelial dysfunction. AIM: This study aims to analyse difference in sVE-Cadherin levels in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with and without shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The method of taking samples is consecutive sampling, namely the research subjects obtained based on the order of entry in the hospital with a comparative cross-sectional design. From the results of the calculation using the sample formula, the sample size for each group is set at 32 people. So that the total sample size used for both groups is 64 people. The serum sVE-Cadherin levels using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is the independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The result showed that there was no difference in mean sVE-Cadherin levels between DHF patients with shock and without shock (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there was no difference in mean of sVE-Cadherin level in DHF patients with shock and without shock

Targeting vaccinations for the licensed dengue vaccine: considerations for serosurvey design

Background The CYD-TDV vaccine was unusual in that the recommended target population for vaccination was originally defined not only by age, but also by transmission setting as defined by seroprevalence. WHO originally recommended countries consider vaccination against dengue with CYD-TDV vaccine in geographic settings only where prior infection with any dengue serotype, as measured by seroprevalence, was >170% in the target age group. Vaccine was not recommended in settings where seroprevalence was <50%. Test-and-vaccinate strategies suggested following new analysis by Sanofi will still require age-stratified seroprevalence surveys to optimise age-group targeting. Here we address considerations for serosurvey design in the context of vaccination program planning. Methods To explore how the design of seroprevalence surveys affects estimates of transmission intensity, 100 age-specific seroprevalence surveys were simulated using a beta-binomial distribution and a simple catalytic model for different combinations of age-range, survey size, transmission setting, and test sensitivity/specificity. We then used a Metropolis-Hastings Markov Chain Monte-Carlo algorithm to estimate the force of infection from each simulated dataset. Results Sampling from a wide age-range led to more accurate estimates than merely increasing sample size in a narrow age-range. This finding was consistent across all transmission settings. The optimum test sensitivity and specificity given an imperfect test differed by setting with high sensitivity being important in high transmission settings and high specificity important in low transmission settings. Conclusions When assessing vaccination suitability by seroprevalence surveys, countries should ensure an appropriate age-range is sampled, considering epidemiological evidence about the local burden of disease

Роль православної церкви у формуванні та функціонуванні політичної системи України в 90-і роки ХХ ст.

У статті зроблено спробу аналізу місця та ролі православної церкви у процесах формування та функціонування політичної системи України у 90-і роки ХХ ст. Доведено, що українські православні церкви відігравали значну роль у політичному житті країни, не тільки агітуючи віруючих за певну політичну силу, а й балотуючи своїх представників до місцевих органів влади. Українські політики використовували церкву заради досягнення власних цілей, що ще більше загострювало міжконфесійні взаємини і посилювало політизацію церковного життя.В статье сделана попытка анализа места и роли православной церкви в процессе формирования и функционирования политической системы Украины в 90-е годы ХХ ст. Доказано, что украинские православные церкви играли значительную роль в политической жизни страны, не только агитируя верующих за определенную политическую силу, но и баллотируя своих представителей в местные органы власти. Украинские политики использовали церковь ради достижения собственных целей, что еще больше обостряло межконфессиональные отношения и усиливало политизацию церковной жизни.In the article the attempt of analysis of place and role of orthodox church in the process of forming and functioning of the political system of Ukraine in the 90 th ys of the XX ct is done. It is proved, that the Ukrainian orthodox churches acted considerable part in the political life of country, not only agitating believers for definite political force, but also voting the representatives in local authorities. The Ukrainian politicians used a church for achievement of own purposes, that yet more intensified the interconfession relations reinforced the political impact on the church life