Catalytic Transfer-Hydrogenation of Fatty Oil

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are the main cause of the poor thermal and oxidative stabilities of fatty oils as well as biodiesels. The conversion of polyunsaturated to monounsaturated fatty acid moieties are normally carried out via hydrogenation. The most conventional hydrogenation process uses gaseous hydrogen at relatively high temperature and pressure in the presence of metal catalysts. Catalytic-transfer hydrogenation is an alternative method for oil hydrogenation which does not require the presence of hydrogen and can be carried out at atmospheric pressure. This paper describes the catalytic transfer-hydrogenation of kapok seed oil (Ceiba pentandra) and candlenut oil (Aleurites moluccana) by potassium formate (KOOCH) solutions using the following catalysts: Ag–Cu2O, Ag–Cu2O/Pumice, Ag–Cu2O–Pd/Pumice, and Pd/C 5%. None of the catalysts were found effective and kapok seed oil hydrogenated using 5%-Pd/C catalyst turned into gel, most probably due to the polymerization reactions of sterculic and malvalic aci

Deacidification of Fatty Oils Using Anion Exchange Resin

Crude fatty oils contain a large number of impurities, including gum, free fatty acids, and coloring substances that must be removed in order to create an acceptables refined oil. This paper describes method to deacidify three fatty oils by adsorbing their free fatty acid contents on Rohm and Haas Amberlite IRA 900 anion exchange resin in a fixed bed adsorber. After deacidification, their acid values are lower than 0.6 and the color are brighter. By combining the three steps regeneration method, the resin can be re-utilized without losing its adsorption capacity for 3 cycles

The Characteristic of Coal Oil From Catalytic Coal Gasification

In this work, the catalytic gasification process of coal was studied at different operating temperatures and catalyst weights. The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of coal oil produced through the gasification process using Nickel Molybdenum (NiMo) catalyst. The effect of adding NiMo catalyst with variations in weight of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% for different gasification temperatures (375 – 385 °C, 430 – 440 °C, and 475 – 485 °C) were studied on coal with a calorific value of 6,400 kcal/kg. The process was done in fluidized bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and an air flow rate of 2 liters/minute was flow for 60 minutes. The results showed that NiMo is effective as a catalyst in the gasification of coal at 430 – 440 °C, the addition of 15% weight of catalysts produced coal oil with a yield of 9.35% and the composition of hydrocarbon consists of 59.75% of aromatics, 26.42% of aliphatics, and 7.34% of phenolics. Compared to coal oil without catalyst give a yield of 6.56% with 57.33% of aromatics, 17.44% of aliphatics, and 16.03% of phenolics. This showing that NiMo catalysts have a high selectivity to increase aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in coal oil

Low Temperature Catalytic-Transfer Hydrogenation of Candlenut Oil

Fatty acids containing more than one double bond (polyunsaturated fatty acids) indicated by high iodine value (more than 120 g I2/100 g oil) are prone either to oxidative degradation or thermal degradation leading to the appearance of undesirable compounds or to thermal oligo-/polymerization causing gum formation. Therefore, polyunsaturated bonds in the fatty acid chains should be hydrogenated into monounsaturated ones. The conventional method using hydrogen (direct hydrogenation) at relatively high temperature and pressure with the aid of nickel as catalyst, which prone to explosion due to the presence of free gaseous hydrogen at high temperature and pressure. Catalytic transfer-hydrogenation (CTH) therefore is proposed as a promising alternative method, enabling CTH at room condition without the presence of free hydrogen. This research is focused to explore effects of temperature and reaction time to iodine value reduction on CTH of candlenut oil, including kinetics of its methyl ester. The hydrogenation utilizes Ag-Ni/silica 150 Å as catalyst and potassium formate (6M) as hydrogen donor. Three reaction temperatures were selected (40oC, 60oC and 78oC), where each reactions were performed for 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours. Hydrogenation was performed in batch reactor using isopropyl alcohol as solvent. Results showed that iodine values decreased with the increase of temperature and longer reaction time. The iodine value was still decreasing at 16 hours reaction time, indicating the possibility of longer reaction time. However, at 16 hours time, the iodine value yield has been within biodiesel standard range (Indonesian National Standard). The hydrogenation was first order reaction towards methyl ester double bonds concentration. Ko and E for candlenut methyl ester were 163.15/hour and 25.26 kJ/mol

Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by using Fenton Method

The pulp and paper industry wastewater has not met the environmental uality standards set by the government so it may causes pollution to the environment; therefore, it is necessary to find a better wastewater treatment. The problem of this study is how to find the wastewater treatment alternative in order to get a more effective and efficient treatment. Fenton reagents are H2O2 compounds (hydrogen peroxide) with iron catalysts and is one of the Advance Oxidations Process (AOPs) methods, which can be used as an alternative to process wastewater from the pulp and paper industry. In this study, the ratio of Fenton reagent molar concentration, temperature, and stirring time were varied, with stirring speed of 300 rpm, Fenton reagent volume of 25 mL, and pH set at 3. The visible parameters in this study were COD and TSS degradation. From this study, the best ratio of Fenton reagent is 1:2000, where this ratio can reduce the COD from 1002 mg/L to 176.05 mg/L and the TSS from 125 mg/L to 49.3 mg/L. This value has met the environmental quality standards for the pulp and paper industry set by the Indonesian government

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)-Ceramic Composite Adsorbent for Iron and Aluminum Cations Removal from Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage has become a serious problem globally, polluting groundwater with heavy metals. Adsorption is considered a simple and effective approach to addressing this emerging issue. A commonly used adsorbent is powdered activated carbon (PAC), but this is susceptible to being washed into the waste stream, either during or after the adsorption process due to its low density. This research combined PAC with clay that was molded into small clay balls (~1 cm in diameter) then baked at a very high temperature of 1000 °C to create a ceramic adsorbent. The adsorbent activation used NaOH 48% alkali solution to improve its capability in binding metallic cations. This research demonstrated that the PAC-ceramic composite is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Fe (iron) and Al (aluminum) cations from acid mine drainage. The results showed that the most favorable contaminant removal was 60.87% for Fe and 52.13% for Al, using a PAC:clay ratio of 45:55 (w/w) in 10 hours contact time

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)-Ceramic Composite Adsorbent for Iron and Aluminum Cations Removal from Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage has become a serious problem globally, polluting groundwater with heavy metals. Adsorption is considered a simple and effective approach to addressing this emerging issue. A commonly used adsorbent is powdered activated carbon (PAC), but this is susceptible to being washed into the waste stream, either during or after the adsorption process due to its low density. This research combined PAC with clay that was molded into small clay balls (~1 cm in diameter) then baked at a very high temperature of 1000 °C to create a ceramic adsorbent. The adsorbent activation used NaOH 48% alkali solution to improve its capability in binding metallic cations. This research demonstrated that the PAC-ceramic composite is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Fe (iron) and Al (aluminum) cations from acid mine drainage. The results showed that the most favorable contaminant removal was 60.87% for Fe and 52.13% for Al, using a PAC:clay ratio of 45:55 (w/w) in 10 hours contact time

Taguchi Experiment Design for DES K2CO3-Glycerol Performance in RBDPO Transesterification

Biodiesel production using novel glycerol and potassium carbonate-based catalysts has not been developed under the Taguchi technique. This study aims to determine the most influential parameter in biodiesel production from refined bleach-deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) using DES K2CO3-Glycerol as the novel catalyst. The raw material was subjected to transesterification at the desired reaction parameters estimated by the orthogonal 16-run (L16) approach with 2 levels and 4 factors of the Taguchi technique. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and ANOVA were used to confirm the predicted value. From the results, the catalyst is the most influential variable in the TG value of biodiesel, placed in the first rank of the influence factor. Biodiesel production with a minimum total glycerol value (0.210%) using DES K2CO3-Glycerol as a catalyst is most optimally produced at 95 °C for 4 h and 400 rpm using 30 wt% methanol and 4 wt% catalysts achieved by the Taguchi technique. The biodiesel obtained from RBDPO complies with the required international standards. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-018 Full Text: PD

Conversion of crude palm oil to biofuels via catalytic hydrocracking over NiN-supported natural bentonite

Nickel nitride supported on natural bentonite was prepared and tested for hydrocracking Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The catalyst was prepared using the wet impregnation method and various nickel nitride loading. Subsequently, the nickel nitrate-bentonite was calcined and nitrided under H2 steam. The surface acidity of as-synthesized NiN-bentonite was evaluated using the gravimetric pyridine gas. Meanwhile, the physiochemical features of the catalyst were assessed using XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDX. The results showed that the NiN species was finely dispersed without affecting the bentonite's structure. Furthermore, the co-existence of Ni and N species on EDX analysis suggested the NiN was successfully supported onto the bentonite, while the surface acidity features of raw bentonite were increased to 1.713 mmol pyridine/g at 8 mEq/g of nickel nitride loading. The catalytic activity towards the CPO hydrocracking demonstrated that the surface acidity features affect the CPO conversion, with the highest conversion achieved (84.21%) using NiN-bentonite 8 mEq/g loading. At all nickel nitride loading, the NiN-bentonite could generate up to 81.98–83.47% of bio-kerosene fraction, followed by the bio-gasoline ranging from 13.12–13.9%, and fuel oil ranging from 2.89–4.57%

Produksi Asap Cair dari Limbah Kopi di Desa Karang Tanding Kecamatan Jarai Kabupaten Lahat

Komoditas kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas andalan yang memberikan kontribusi besar bagi pendapatan nasional. Tanaman kopi selain menghasilkan produk utama berupa biji kopi juga menghasilkan limbah berupa batang dan kulit buah kopi yang memiliki potensi bahan untuk pembuatan asap cair untuk pengganti pestisida sintetik dan penggumpal lateks. Pelaksanaan kegiatan edukasi dan pelatihan pemanfaatan limbah tanaman kopi menjadi asap cair sebagai bahan pestisida sebagai bentuk pengabdian kepada masyarakat Desa Karang Tanding menjadi alternatif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang produk ekonomis yang berasal dari limbah tanaman kopi. Kegiatan ini disambut oleh 1.146 orang yang mayoritas mata pencahariannya di sektor perkebunan. Pemanfaatan limbah kopi melibatkan masyarakat dan mahasiswa termasuk penyiapan materi dan pengolahan lanjutan dengan protokol COVID-19 yang direkomendasikan. Kegiatan selanjutnya merupakan sosialisasi penggunaan alat yang diikuti ± 20 masyarakat dengan harapan masyarakat dapat mengedukasi masyarakat lain dan mengaplikasikan langsung pada perkebunan desa Karang Tanding seluas ± 400 Ha. Produk asap cair yang dihasilkan dengan pemurnian asap cair dapat menghasilkan peptisida alami yang aman bagi sektor perkebunan