A statistical study of the luminosity gap in galaxy groups

The luminosity gap between the two brightest members of galaxy groups and clusters is thought to offer a strong test for the models of galaxy formation and evolution. This study focuses on the statistics of the luminosity gap in galaxy groups, in particular fossil groups, e.g. large luminosity gap, in an analogy with the same in a cosmological simulation. We use spectroscopic legacy data of seventh data release (DR7) of SDSS, to extract a volume limited sample of galaxy groups utilizing modified friends-of-friends (mFoF) algorithm. Attention is paid to galaxy groups with the brightest group galaxy (BGG) more luminous than \Mr = -22. An initial sample of 620 groups in which 109 optical fossil groups, where the luminosity gap exceeds 2 magnitude, were identified. We compare the statistics of the luminosity gap in galaxy groups at low mass range from the SDSS with the same in the Millennium simulations where galaxies are modeled semi-analytically. We show that the BGGs residing in galaxy groups with large luminosity gap, i.e. fossil groups, are on average brighter and live in lower mass halos with respect to their counter parts in non-fossil systems. Although low mass galaxy groups are thought to have recently formed, we show that in galaxy groups with 15 galaxies brighter than $M_r\ge -19.5$, evolutionary process are most likely to be responsible for the large luminosity gap. We also examine a new probe of finding fossil group. In addition we extend the recently introduced observational probe based on the luminosity gap, the butterfly diagram, to galaxy groups and study the probe as a function of halo mass. This probe can, in conjunction with the luminosity function, help to fine tune the semi-analytic models of galaxies employed in the cosmological simulations.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, accepted to PASP journa

Satangah Tiang’ Re-interpretasi Prinsip Musikal Dendang Satangah Tiang pada Kesenian Bagurau Saluang Dendang Minangkabau

ABSTRAK            Karya komposisi karawitan yang berjudul Satangah Tiang ini bersumber dari kesenian saluang dendang atau sering disebut dengan bagurau. Terdapat tiga jenis yaitu dendang ratok, dendang hoyak dan satangah tiang. Satu jenis dendang yang menjadi landasan dalam penggarapan karya adalah dendang jenis satangah tiang, spesifiknya dalam repertoar dendang Ratok Taram dan Sabai Nan Aluih. Karakter melodi yang menarik dalam dendang ini yaitu terdapat unsur musikal ritmis dan non-ritmis. Rumusan penciptaan yang diajukan dalam penciptaan karya seni ini yaitu: Bagaimana mewujudkan karya komposisi karawitan yang bersumber dari prinsip musikal dendang satangah tiang yang mana struktur melodi pada dendang tersebut pengkarya tafsirkan kembali menjadi bentuk di luar kaidah tradisinya, dan dilahirkan dengan karakter musikal yang serba ‘tangguang’ (tanggung). Pelahiran karya re-interpretasi ini adalah upaya mewujudkan tawaran baru dalam bentuk garap yang bersumber dari kesenian tradisi bagurau saluang dendang yang mana di dalam penggarapan karya ini terdapat penggabungan idiom-idiom tradisi dengan bentuk musikal inovatif yang dikemas dalam bentuk karya komposisi karawitan menggunakan pendekatan garap re-interpretasi tradisi. Berdasarkan rumusan penciptaan di atas, karya yang dihasikan berupa: Bagian satu menyajikan unsur ritmis dan non-ritmis yang telah ditafsirkan kembali, akan tetapi masih memuat idiom tradisi. Bagian dua menghadirkan karakteristik musikal yang bersifat ‘tangguang’ atas interpretasi kembali terhadap dendang Ratok Taram. Kata kunci: Satangah Tiang; Bagurau Saluang Dendang; Ritmis; Non-ritmis; Tangguang.       ABSTRACTKarawitan composition work entitled Satangah Tiang is sourced from the art of saluang dendang or often called bagurau. There are three types, namely Dendang Ratok, Dendang Hoyak and Satangah Tiang. One type of kick that becomes the basis in the production of works is the satangah tiang type, specifically in the repertoire of Ratok Taram and Sabai Nan Aluih. Interesting melodic characters in this dendang that there are musical elements rhythmical and non-rhythmic. The formulation of creation proposed in the creation of this artwork is: How to realize the work of karawitan composition derived from the musical principle of satangah tiang where the melodic structure on the dendang is reinterpreted into a form outside the rules of its tradition, and born with musical characters that are all 'tangguang' (in between/not minimized/not maximized). The completion of this re-interpretation work is an effort to realize a new offer in the form of work derived from the art tradition bagurau saluang dendang which in the production of this work there is a combination of idioms of tradition with innovative musical forms packaged in the form of karawitan composition works using a traditional re-interpretation approach. Based on the formulation of creation above, the work is in the form of: Part one presents rhythmic and non-rhythmic elements that have been reinterpreted, but still contain idioms of tradition. Part two presents musical characteristics that are 'tangguang' for the reinterpretation of Ratok Taram. Keywords : Satangah Tiang; Bagurau Saluang Dendang; Rhythmic; Non-rhythmic; Tangguang.

Consequences of local social norms: A review of the literature in accounting, finance, and corporate governance

We synthesise the empirical archival research on the consequences of local social norms on accounting, finance, and corporate governance outcomes in an international setting. The literature reviewed is premised on the theory that corporations do not make decisions, but managers do, and managers are likely to be influenced by the socioeconomic environment of the region in which they operate and/or by the people with whom they interact. To provide a structure to our review, we identify social capital, religiosity, gambling norms, and corruption culture, as four constructs of local social norms and link these with financial reporting and external auditing, financial, investment, and dividend decisions, capital market consequences and finally, corporate governance and corporate social responsibility behaviour of firms. We highlight some limitations of the existing research and offer some suggestions for future research

تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج.

مستخلص البحث في تحسين جودة العملية ونتائج التعلم في المدارس الابتدائية المتعلقة بالاحتياجات التعليمية للطلاب في المدارس الابتدائية، يتعين على المعلمين أن يكونوا أكثر إبداعا وابتكارا حتى تتطور عملية التهليم، بحيث يمكن تطوير التعليم. إحدى طرق التعليم المقدمة لتعلم مهارة الكلام هي طريقة المظاهرة. طريقة المظاهرة هي طريقة لتقديم مادة الدرس باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة حول عملية أو موقف أو شيء معين للطلاب، مصطنع وحقيقي، غالبا مع شرح شفهي. أسئلة البحث هي (1) تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج؟ (2) ما هي المشكلات في تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج؟ (3) ما هي الحلول لمشكلات ت تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج؟. إن منهج هذا البحث نوعي مع نوع البحث هو البحث الوصفي. كانت أدوات البحث المستخدمة هي الملاحظة والمقابلات والتوثيق. تقوم تقنيات تحليل البيانات بجمع البيانات وتقديمها وتحليلها واستخلاص النتائج. نتائج البحث هي: (1) تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج المعرفية والتحفيز والاستجابة والتكرار والتعزيز. (2) هي المشكلات في تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج إلى قسمين: المشكلة من المعلم أن بعض الطلاب لا يستطيعون فهم مهارة الكلام أو أن بعضهم لا يستحق ذلك. كونه أساس تعليم اللغة العربية ومشاكل الطلاب هو نقص المفردات. من الصعب تعليم اللغة العربية ومحدودية المفردات واندفاع المعلم للكلام. (3) الحلول لمشكلات تعليم مهارة الكلام باستخدام طريقة المظاهرة على أساس النظرية المعرفية لبرونر في المدرسة الابتدائية الترقي الإسلامية بمالانج الكلام ببطء ولدى الطلاب قواميس الجيب. ABSTRACT In improving the quality of the process and learning outcomes in elementary schools related to the educational needs of students in elementary schools, teachers are required to be more creative and innovative so that the teaching process can develop, so that education can develop. One of the learning methods offered for learning maharah kalam is the demonstration method. The demonstration method is a method of presenting lesson material by using a presentation about a particular process, situation, or object to students, both artificial and real, often with an oral explanation. The problems of this research are (1) How is the Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang? (2) What are the problems of Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang? (3) What is the solution to the problematic Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang?. The approach of this research is qualitative with the type of research is descriptive research. The research instruments used were observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are collecting, presenting, analyzing data and drawing conclusions. The results of the research are: (1) Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang with stimulus, response, repetition and reinforcement. (2) The problem of Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang is divided into two: the problem from the teacher is that some students cannot understand speaking skills or some of them are not worthy of being the basis for teaching Arabic and the problems of the students is a lack of vocabulary. difficult to teach Arabic and limited vocabulary and teacher rush to speak. (3) The solution to the problem of Teaching speaking skill using the demonstration method based on Brunner’s cognitive theory in Islamic Turaqqiy Primary School Malang is to speak slowly and students have pocket dictionaries. ABSTRAK Dalam meningkatkan kualitas proses dan hasil pembelajaran di sekolah dasar yang berkaitan dengan kebutuhan pendidikan siswa di sekolah dasar, maka guru dituntut untuk lebih kreatif dan inovatif agar proses pengajaran dapat berkembang, agar pendidikan dapat berkembang. Salah satu metode pembelajaran yang ditawarkan untuk pembelajaran maharah kalam adalah metode demonstrasi. Metode demonstrasi adalah suatu metode penyajian bahan pelajaran dengan menggunakan suatu presentasi tentang suatu proses, situasi, atau objek tertentu kepada siswa, baik buatan maupun nyata, seringkali dengan penjelasan lisan. Masalah penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang? (2) Apa problematika pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang? (3) Apa solusi problematika pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang?. Adapun pendekatan penelitian ini kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian research deskriptif. Isntrumen penelitian yang digunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Adapun teknik analisis data dengan mengumpukan, menyajikan, menganalisis data dan menarik kesimpulan. Adapun hasil penelitian yaitu: (1) pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang dengan stimulus, respon, pengulangan dan penguatan. (2) Problematika pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang terbagi dua: masalah dari guru adalah bahwa beberapa siswa tidak dapat memahami keterampilan berbicara atau beberapa dari mereka tidak layak menjadi dasar pengajaran bahasa Arab dan masalah dari siswa adalah kekurangan kosa kata. sulit untuk mengajar bahasa Arab dan kosakata yang terbatas dan guru terburu-buru untuk berbicara. (3) Solusi problematika pembelajaran maharah kalam menggunakan metode demonstrasi berdasarkan teori kognitif bruner di MI al Turaqqiy Malang adalah berbicara perlahan dan siswa memiliki kamus saku

Urgensi Penerapan Good Corporate Governance pada Perusahaan Asuransi di Indonesia

Good Corporate Governance is very important for the industry to protect the interest of investors and policyholders. The crisis of public confidence illustrates the existence of doubt about the governance of insurance company. Complaints about cases related to the insurance industry are still often heard today. The share of the Islamic non-bank financial market is still below 5 percent when compared to conventional. The poor implementation of good corporate governance (GCG) is the culprit. By using a literature study, this research aims to analyze the importance of advancing the insurance industry by implementing a good corporate governance system. The results of the study show that it is true that in general cases of default and other complaints related to insurance are caused by the only management of the governance system at the insurance company so that it affects actions the violate the principle of good corporate governance, namely deviating from the provisions of the TARIF (Transparancy, Accountable, Responsibelty, Indenpendency, Fairness)

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY INTELLIGENCE AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

Abstract Changes in technology, which is induced by constant innovations, influence everyone' business. Intelligent organizations do not wait for change; rather they actively monitor and keep track of changing environment and new innovations to take advantage of them. Technology (Competitive) intelligence pursues the following objectives: becoming timely aware of the technological events, identifying new products and processes, and understanding trends and events relevant to competitive environment. Companies that use this method meticulously, they can be optimist about making firmer decisions, and moving ahead alongside the changing environment. In this study the effect of technology intelligence on business performance was examined. The statistical population of this research study involved the companies of industrial city of Ardabil. This study was based on the data collected from a sample of the managers and engineers in the late 2012 and early 2013. The data required for evaluation was gathered through questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS. The results showed a significant relationship between technology intelligence and four aspects of business performance

Electrochemical corrosion assessment of RaCe and Mtwo rotary nickle-titanium instruments after clinical use and sterilization

Aim: The aim of the present study was to electrochemically evaluate corrosion resistance of RaCe and Mtwo files after repeated sterilization and preparation procedures. Study Design: A total of 450 rotary files were used. In the working groups, 72 files from each file type were distributed into 4 groups. RaCe and Mtwo files were used to prepare one root canal of the mesial root of extracted human mandibular first molars. The procedure was repeated to prepare 2 to 8 canals. The following irrigation solutions were used: group 1, RaCe files with 2.5% NaOCl; group 2, RaCe files with normal saline; group 3, Mtwo files with 2.5% NaOCl; and group 4, Mtwo files with normal saline in the manner described. In autoclave groups, 72 files from each file type were evenly distributed into 2 groups. Files were used for a cycle of sterilization without the use of files for root canal preparation. Nine new unused files from each file type were used as controls. Then the instruments were sent for corrosion assessment. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used for independent and dependent groups, respectively. Results: Statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences in corrosion resistance of files associated with working and autoclave groups between RaCe and Mtwo file types (p<0.001). Conclusions: Corrosion resistance of #25, #30, and #35 Mtwo files is significantly higher than that in RaCe files with similar sizes. © Medicina Oral

An update on computational anthropomorphic anatomical models

The prevalent availability of high-performance computing coupled with validated computerized simulation platforms as open-source packages have motivated progress in the development of realistic anthropomorphic computational models of the human anatomy. The main application of these advanced tools focused on imaging physics and computational internal/external radiation dosimetry research. This paper provides an updated review of state-of-the-art developments and recent advances in the design of sophisticated computational models of the human anatomy with a particular focus on their use in radiation dosimetry calculations. The consolidation of flexible and realistic computational models with biological data and accurate radiation transport modeling tools enables the capability to produce dosimetric data reflecting actual setup in clinical setting. These simulation methodologies and results are helpful resources for the medical physics and medical imaging communities and are expected to impact the fields of medical imaging and dosimetry calculations profoundly.</p