Effects of steel corrosion to BFRP Strengthened columns under eccentric loading

The experiment consists of twenty-four mid-scale rectangular RC columns (200x200x800mm) strengthening by BFRP sheets and research variables include: BFRP layer (0, 1, and 3 layers); eccentricity (25mm and 75mm); and 4 levels of steel corrosion. The results reveal that SEL (ratio of ultimate load of strengthened member to that of corresponding controlled member) is direct proportion with steel corrosion while SEV (ratio of ultimate vertical displacement of strengthened member to that of corresponding controlled member) is inverse proportion with steel corrosion; SEL slightly increases with the increase of BFRP layer and eccentricity; but SEV decreases noticeably with the increase of BFRP layer and eccentricity. In addition,the interaction between FRP sheets, stirrups, and longitudinal reinforcement in steel degraded BFRP strengthened columns is very strong.However, column design basing on current design manuals and codes as ACI 440.2R and CNR DT 200R1 has not mentioned this affect. Thus, the load capacity prediction of column being strengthened by BFRP sheets should include levels of steel corrosion for reality, reasonable, and integral of the design

Effects of steel corrosion to BFRP Strengthened columns under eccentric loading

The experiment consists of twenty-four mid-scale rectangular RC columns (200x200x800mm) strengthening by BFRP sheets and research variables include: BFRP layer (0, 1, and 3 layers); eccentricity (25mm and 75mm); and 4 levels of steel corrosion. The results reveal that SEL (ratio of ultimate load of strengthened member to that of corresponding controlled member) is direct proportion with steel corrosion while SEV (ratio of ultimate vertical displacement of strengthened member to that of corresponding controlled member) is inverse proportion with steel corrosion; SEL slightly increases with the increase of BFRP layer and eccentricity; but SEV decreases noticeably with the increase of BFRP layer and eccentricity. In addition,the interaction between FRP sheets, stirrups, and longitudinal reinforcement in steel degraded BFRP strengthened columns is very strong.However, column design basing on current design manuals and codes as ACI 440.2R and CNR DT 200R1 has not mentioned this affect. Thus, the load capacity prediction of column being strengthened by BFRP sheets should include levels of steel corrosion for reality, reasonable, and integral of the design

MODELING USING 2-D AREAS OF IDEAL CROSS-POINT REGIONS FOR LOSSLESS IMAGES COMPRESSION

This paper presents 2-D areas of ideal cross-point regions which are the new part in the theory of cross-point regions. Actually for using cross-point regions we need an algorithm for determining cross-point maps; this takes a long time and a big space for storing these maps, and brings about not high compression ratio when using one dimensional cross-point regions because many coordinates of data points need to be saved for decoding. When these 2-D areas are used, the scheme of 2-DICRIC (2-D Ideal Cross-point Regions for lossless Image Compression) for losslessly encoding and decoding images with the optimization of probability of cross points which are neighbor to the points of grey levels 2n is improved to get higher compression ratio. The base idea of this method is the effect of Gray coding on cross points, and there are many cross-point regions. Before Gray coding data sets of cross points are determined, they are called the ideal cross point regions (ICRs). After Gray coding these regions always contain only 1 bits or 0 bits depending on the number of bit plane after the operation of bit plane decomposition. This is the characteristic of images, the data do not change much in a specific area, especially in medical images which have many regions with the approximate grey levels. So, the way to determine 2-D areas of cross-point regions so that the cross-point maps are small is important for the theory. The theory with these 2-D areas has important effects on the compression ratio when encoding and decoding processes of lossless image compression for data transmission are proceeded

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Structural Behavior of RC Column Confined by FRP Sheet under Uniaxial and Biaxial Load

Various researches have been performed to find an effective confining method using FRP sheet in order to improve the structural capacity of reinforced concrete column. However, most of these researches were undertaken for the columns subjected to concentric compressive load or fully confined RC columns. To date, it remains hard to find studies on partially FRP-confined RC columns under eccentric load. In this manner, an experimental investigation was carried out to assess the performance of rectangular RC column with different patterns of CFRP-wrap subject to eccentric loads in this paper. The experiment consists of fourteen mid-scale rectangular RC columns of 200 mm × 200 mm × 800 mm, including five controlled columns and nine CFRP-strengthened ones. All CFRP-strengthened columns were reinforced with one layer of vertical CFRP sheet with the main fiber along the axial axis at four sides, then divided into three groups according to confinement purpose, namely unconfined, partially CFRP-confined, and fully CFRP-confined group. Two loading conditions, namely uniaxially and biaxially eccentric loads, are considered as one of the test parameters. From the test of uniaxial eccentric load, partial and full CFRP-wraps provided 19% and 33% increased load-carrying capacity at an eccentricity-to-column thickness ratio (e/h) of 0.125, respectively, compared to controlled columns, and 8% and 11% at e/h = 0.25, respectively. For the partially CFRP-confined columns subjected to biaxial eccentric load with e/h = 0.125 and 0.25, the load-carrying capacities were improved by 19% and 31%, respectively. This means that the partial confinement with CFRP effectively improves the load-carrying capacity at larger biaxial eccentric load. It was found that the load-carrying capacity could be properly predicted by using code equations of ACI 440.2R-17 and Fib Bulletin 14 Guideline for the full CFRP-confined or partially CFRP-confined columns under uniaxial load. For partially CFRP-confined columns under biaxial loading, however, the safety factors using the Fib calculation process were 20% to 31% lower than that of uniaxially loaded columns

Simulating Mangroves Rehabilitation with Cellular Automata

International audienc

Simulating Mangroves Rehabilitation with Cellular Automata(to appear in ACM (ISBN: 978-1-4503-7631-0)

International audienc

Giant breast cavernous hemangioma

Although breast vascular tumors are exceedingly rare, the benign group's most common tumor, the hemangioma, is frequently found in lumpectomy or mastectomy tissues during histological analyses. The 3 types of hemangiomas are capillary, cavernous, and venous. The most typical kind of hemangioma is cavernous. Cavernous hemangiomas are benign blood vessel tumors that arise from established blood vessels. The best imaging technique for examining the makeup of breast vessels is magnetic resonance imaging. In this article, we purposed to describe an exceptionally uncommon case of giant breast cavernous hemangioma