526 research outputs found

    Where Have All the Parties Gone? Fraenkel and Grofman on the Alternative Vote - Yet Again

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    The alternative vote (AV) is a preferential electoral system that tends to reward political moderation and compromise. Fraenkel and Grofman have repeatedly attempted to show that AV is not conducive to inter-ethnic moderation in severely divided societies. In this response to their latest attempt,the author points out that neither political party coordination of the vote nor strategic voting plays any part in their analysis. In contrast, he explains how moderate parties of one ethnic group are able to induce their supporters to cast ballots for moderate parties supported by voters of another ethnic group. Prof. Horowitz also explains why the incentives for parties to arrange interethnic vote transfers are much greater under AV than they are under systems such as single transferable vote, which is in use in Northern Ireland, and shows that Fraenkel and Grofman\u27s interpretations of AV\u27s operation in Australia, Fiji, Sri Lanka, and Papua-New Guinea are contrary to the evidence

    Book Review

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    A Federal Constituency for Belgium: Right Idea, Inadequate Method

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    The survival of the Belgian state is an important matter—and not just to Belgium. If, in the physical and administrative heart of Europe, groups that have lived together peacefully for nearly two centuries decide that they must part, what does that say about the prospects for more fragile, more recently constructed democracies? Partition and secession are generally bad answers to serious ethnic conflict, answers that usually have an array of negative consequences (Horowitz 2003). For this among other reasons, the proposal of the Pavia Group is to be commended. It aims to break the deadlock in Belgian politics and provide politicians with incentives to speak for the country as a whole, rather than merely for members of their own group. Furthermore, it does this by a method intended to affect politicians: attempting to change the mix of votes on which they rely for their election. This is a very good first step

    Foreword: Compared to What?

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    Constitution-Making: A Process Filled with Constraint

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    Constitutions are generally made by people with no previous experience in constitution making. The assistance they receive from outsiders is often less useful than it may appear. The most pertinent foreign experience may reside in distant countries, whose lessons are unknown or inaccessible. Moreover, although constitutions are intended to endure, they are often products of the particular crisis that forced their creation. Drafters are usually heavily affected by a desire to avoid repeating unpleasant historical experiences or to emulate what seem to be successful constitutional models. Theirs is a heavily constrained environment, made even more so by distrust and dissensus if the constitution follows a protracted period of internal conflict. Given all these conditions, drafting a constitution that is apt for the problems faced by the drafters is difficult, and prospects are not enhanced by advice that drafters follow a uniform constitutional process that emphasizes openness and public participation above all other values

    Foreword: The Deprivation of Labor Relations Law

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    This paper discusses the development of an energy systems model for Swedenconsidering electricity, heat and direct fossil fuel consumption in the residential,industrial and transport sectors as well as the energy interaction with the other Nordiccountries and its impact on the Swedish energy system. The model is developed in theOpen source energy modelling system (OSeMOSYS) (Mark Howells 2011) andshowcases potential energy investment options for Sweden in the next four decades(2010-2050). It considers different scenarios and provides a technology neutralassessment of how Sweden can invest in energy infrastructure in the most judiciousway. The paper also describes the new user interface developed called ANSWEROSeMOSYS.The paper further discusses the results of the different scenarios. Thebusiness as usual scenario shows an inclination towards investments in nuclear power.Further scenarios consider the gradual phasing out of the use of oil in CHP plants andnuclear power as well as new energy policies and tax reforms. The paper discusses theseresults in detail and demonstrates how Sweden could improve its energy infrastructureconsidering different policy implications and constraints put up by the availability andfeasibility of different resources. Finally, the prospect of wider stakeholder engagementbased on this model is discussed. Building on the open-source nature of the model,inputs and modifications from research institutes, energy modelling experts,government bodies, as well as the wider public will be incorporated into the model. Thesource code and modelling data will be made publicly available

    Conciliatory Institutions and Constitutional Processes in Post-conflict States

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    There are two important questions in post-conflict constitution making, and at present neither of them has a definitive or uniformly accepted answer. The first relates to the best configuration of institutions to adopt in order to ameliorate the problem of the intergroup conflict. The second concerns the process most apt to produce the best configuration of institutions, whatever it might be. The first question is unanswered because there is a dispute among scholars and practitioners between two opposing views of appropriate institutions to mitigate conflict. Constitutional processes have not generally been geared to yield coherent exemplars of either configuration in a sufficient number of conflict-prone countries to provide a convincing demonstration of the superiority of one approach or the other. The second question is unanswered because in many cases constitutional processes are chosen in a haphazard fashion, without regard to the aptness of the process for the problems to be addressed. Meanwhile, advocates have been arguing for a single, highly structured, uniform process that may be apt for some classes of problems but is not necessarily appropriate for the full range of problems constitution makers confront in coping with divided societies. Hence the questions of what and how are both subject to debate. This Article takes up both questions. It surveys the main contending prescriptions for constitutional designs to cope with serious ethnic conflict, and it enumerates some of the main objections to each. It then reviews some of the available evidence on the efficacy of the contending prescriptions before turning to the question of adoptability. The Article notes that there are many obstacles to the adoption of a coherent set of political institutions to mitigate conflict, which derive mainly from processes of constitution making. For this reason, the Article evaluates some of the main suggestions in the recent literature on constitutional process and thereafter devotes considerable attention to the difficult question of designing a process for constitution making that is geared to the specific problems faced by constitution designers

    Foreword: Compared to What?

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    PĂ„ energiomrĂ„det har den administrativa regionala nivĂ„n lĂ€nge varit ”tom” pĂ„ aktörer. Detta har dock det senaste decenniet förĂ€ndrats och nu finns LĂ€nsstyrelserna, Energikontor och Regionförbund med flera som ser som sin uppgift och sitt ansvar att utveckla energisystemet mot ökad hĂ„llbarhet. I det perspektivet ska hĂ€r LĂ€nsstyrelsernas regeringsuppdrag att ta fram regionala klimat- och energistrategier analyseras och diskuteras. De aktörer som hĂ€r kommer att fokuseras Ă€r kommunpolitiker, klimat- och energirĂ„dgivare, Energikontor och Regionförbund och hur de ser pĂ„ roller, mandat och legitimitet. Hur ser rollfördelningen regionalt ut pĂ„ energiomrĂ„det mellan LĂ€nsstyrelse, Regionförbund och Energikontor? Vilka energistrategiska frĂ„gor har och vill dessa aktörer ha ansvar för? Hur uppfattar kommunpolitiker, klimat- och energirĂ„dgivare, Energikontor och Regionförbund sin och övriga aktörers roll, mandat och legitimitet i det regionala energistrategiska arbetet?   Djupintervjuer med representanter för LĂ€nsstyrelserna, kommunpolitiker, energirĂ„dgivare, Energikontor och Regionförbund i Dalarna och Östergötlands lĂ€n har genomförts och utifrĂ„n dessa diskuteras den regionala nivĂ„ns möjlighet till energistrategiskt arbete.   I dagslĂ€get finns det ingen egentlig ”konkurrent” till LĂ€nsstyrelsen i varken Dalarna eller Östergötland för att driva ett regionalt energistrategiskt arbete. I framtiden Ă€r det framförallt Regionförbunden som framstĂ€lls som potentiella konkurrenter och som gĂ€rna tar över det energistrategiska arbetet. BĂ„de Regionförbunden sjĂ€lva och ledande kommunalpolitiker pekar ut Regionförbunden som de som borde driva detta strategiska arbete. SkĂ€len till det Ă€r att kommunalpolitiker och Regionförbunden ser en framtida utveckling i enlighet med AnsvarskommittĂ©n dĂ€r LĂ€nsstyrelsens verksamhet ska renodlas mot tillsyn och Regionförbunden ska ansvara för den regionala utvecklingen. Att denna ansvarsuppdelning förlĂ€ggs in i framtiden beror pĂ„ att Regionförbunden idag anser sig sakna resurser för att driva detta strategiarbete. Denna aktuella resursbrist gör ocksĂ„ att dessa lokalt förankrade politiker accepterar LĂ€nsstyrelsens arbete fram tills realistiska alternativ finns.   Ser vi till rollfördelningen mellan dessa aktörer, och om Ă€ven de regionala Energikontoren inkluderas, Ă€r rollerna otydliga. Det Ă€r svĂ„rt för samtliga intervjuade aktörer att redogöra för uppgifts- och ansvarsfördelning. De direkt involverade aktörerna menar att de löser ansvars- och uppgiftsfördelning genom kontinuerlig dialog med varandra. NĂ€r en frĂ„ga kommer upp pĂ„ dagordningen ringer man helt enkelt varandra och ser hur frĂ„gan bĂ€st löses och av vem. Det hĂ€r Ă€r ett pragmatiskt system som dock har problemet att det inte Ă€r sĂ€rskilt transparant för de aktörer som stĂ„r utanför denna informella dialog. Andra problem Ă€r att frĂ„gor kan falla mellan stolarna nĂ€r ingen har ett uttalat ansvar för dessa.   Andra frĂ„gor som reses Ă€r vad som hĂ€nder nu nĂ€r dessa klimatstrategier ska konkretiseras och mĂ„l implementeras. Vilken legitimitet har LĂ€nsstyrelsens strategiarbete i lĂ€nen? Ett hinder för genomförande kan vara att LĂ€nsstyrelsernas strategier delvis saknar legitimitet. LĂ€nsstyrelsernas strategier accepteras idag i brist pĂ„ alternativ, men kommunerna skulle gĂ€rna se att andra organ drev och arbetade fram regionala mĂ„l och visioner. Ett annat problem Ă€r att nĂ„ ut till berörda aktörer. Det var fĂ„ i kommunerna som egentligen visste vad strategin innehöll, vilka omrĂ„den som tĂ€cktes och Ă„tgĂ€rder som föreslogs. Det klassiska problemet med att planer gĂ€rna blir ”hyllvĂ€rmare” riskerar att drabba Ă€ven LĂ€nsstyrelsernas strategidokument.   Det som dock talar för LĂ€nsstyrelsernas strategier Ă€r att mĂ„nga aktörer vinner pĂ„ ett regionalt snarare Ă€n ett lokalt angreppssĂ€tt pĂ„ energisystemet. Att lĂ„ta LĂ€nsstyrelsen driva dessa samordningsdiskussioner har fördelen att de kan gĂ„ in som mer ”neutrala” aktörer som sjĂ€lva saknar egenintresse eller vill gynna visst geografiskt omrĂ„de. DĂ„ krĂ€vs det dock att övriga aktörer accepterar LĂ€nsstyrelsens samordningsroll, vilket inte Ă€r uppenbart idag.   LĂ€nsstyrelsen har problemet att de inte sjĂ€lva har makt över de Ă„tgĂ€rder de vill fĂ„ implementerade, utan att det Ă€r i huvudsak andra aktörer som mĂ„ste fatta erforderliga beslut och stĂ„ för genomförandet. Det blir dĂ€rmed viktigt att lyfta upp frĂ„gor kring hur aktörerna ser pĂ„ varandras roller och planarbete. TĂ€nker sig Regionförbund och kommuner att de sjĂ€lva inom kort kommer ta fram egna strategiska mĂ„l och visioner att arbeta efter och att LĂ€nsstyrelsens arbete mer ses som en förstudie till detta? Eller vill man arbeta vidare med de mĂ„l och Ă„tgĂ€rder som LĂ€nsstyrelsen nu tagit fram? Detta Ă€r frĂ„gor som aktörerna borde ta upp och lufta med varandra tidigt i processen.Energibeteende i hushĂ„ll - en arena för förĂ€ndrin

    ETHNIC POWER SHARING: THREE BIG PROBLEMS

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    Societies are severely divided by ethnicity, race, religion, language, or any other form of ascriptive affiliation, ethnic divisions that make democracy difficult, because they tend to produce ethnic parties and ethnic voting. Two commonly proposed methods of amelioration are called consociational and centripetal. Three problems derive from these proposals: The first concerns the adoptability of either of the two principal prescriptions. Under what conditions can either be adopted? The second relates to a possibility inherent in centripetal regimes: the potential degradation of the electoral arrangements that sustain the interethnic coalition. The third, derives from a common consequence of the adoption of a consociational regime: Where robust guarantees, including minority vetoes, are adopted, immobilism is a strong possibility, and it may be very difficult to overcome the stasis that immobilism can produce. By examining these three problems, we can uncover some of the frailties inherent in both of the common prescriptions
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