Proving Correctness and Completeness of Normal Programs -- a Declarative Approach

We advocate a declarative approach to proving properties of logic programs. Total correctness ca

Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study

AimsExtracts from pine tree bark containing a variety of flavonoids have been used in traditional medicine. Pycnogenol is a proprietary bark extract of the French maritime pine tree (Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica) that exerts antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet effects. However, the effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial dysfunction, a precursor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events, remain still elusive.Methods and resultsTwenty-three patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) completed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Patients received Pycnogenol (200 mg/day) for 8 weeks followed by placebo or vice versa on top of standard cardiovascular therapy. Between the two treatment periods, a 2-week washout period was scheduled. At baseline and after each treatment period, endothelial function, non-invasively assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, platelet adhesion, and 24 h blood pressure monitoring were evaluated. In CAD patients, Pycnogenol treatment was associated with an improvement of FMD from 5.3 ± 2.6 to 7.0 ± 3.1 (P < 0.0001), while no change was observed with placebo (5.4 ± 2.4 to 4.7 ± 2.0; P = 0.051). This difference between study groups was significant [estimated treatment effect 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.75, 3.75, P < 0.0001]. 15-F(2t)-Isoprostane, an index of oxidative stress, significantly decreased from 0.71 ± 0.09 to 0.66 ± 0.13 after Pycnogenol treatment, while no change was observed in the placebo group (mean difference 0.06 pg/mL with an associated 95% CI (0.01, 0.11), P = 0.012]. Inflammation markers, platelet adhesion, and blood pressure did not change after treatment with Pycnogenol or placebo.ConclusionThis study provides the first evidence that the antioxidant Pycnogenol improves endothelial function in patients with CAD by reducing oxidative stress.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00641758

Seasonal variations in the intermediate metabolism of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae) in the natural environment and experimental culture

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations on energy metabolism in different tissues of the freshwater crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869). Crayfish were collected monthly from January 2001 to January 2003 in São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a stream and in a culture tank. Haemolymph samples were collected from each crayfish in the field with a syringe, by puncturing the membrane at the base of the chelipeds. Hepatopancreas, gills, and abdominal muscle were removed for determination of free glucose, glycogen, total lipids, and triglycerides. The haemolymph samples were used for determination of glucose, total proteins, total lipids, and triglycerides. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in biochemical composition in crayfish collected in the stream compared to the experimental tank during the year, principally in glucose and triglycerides in haemolymph, glycogen and total lipids in all tissues study, and triglycerides only in abdominal muscle. The regular food intake partially modified these seasonal variations of the metabolic pattern. Environmental conditions (e.g., food availability and water temperature) and reproductive period appeared to be the main factors influencing the seasonal patterns of variation in energy metabolism.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das variações sazonais no metabolismo energético em diferentes tecidos do lagostim de água-doce Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869). Os lagostins foram coletados mensalmente de Janeiro de 2001 a Janeiro de 2003 em São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no riacho e no tanque de cultivo. Amostras de hemolinfa foram coletadas de cada lagostim em campo com seringa, por punção na membrana da base dos quelípodos. Hepatopâncreas, brânquias e músculo abdominal foram removidos para a determinação dos níveis de glicose livre, de glicogênio, de lipídios totais e de triglicerídeos. As amostras de hemolinfa foram utilizadas para a determinação dos níveis de glicose, de proteínas totais, de lipídios totais e de triglicerídeos. As análises estatísticas revelaram uma variação significativa na composição bioquímica dos lagostins coletados no riacho quando comparados com os do cultivo experimental durante o ano, principalmente da glicose e dos triglicerídeos na hemolinfa, glicogênio e lipídios totais em todos os tecidos estudados, e dos triglicerídeos somente no músculo abdominal. O aporte regular de alimento modificou parcialmente estas variações sazonais do padrão metabólico. As condições ambientais (ex.; disponibilidade de alimento e a temperatura da água) e o período reprodutivo parecem ser os principais fatores a influenciar os padrões sazonais da variação do metabolismo energético