29 research outputs found
Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction.
Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction
EFEKTIVITAS PENGAWASAN UNIT KERJA ANTI FRAUD PADA BANK MUAMALAT INDONESIA
Perkembangan perbankan syariâah di Indonesia demikian pesat yang
ditandai dengan berdirinya Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Perkembangan ini
berimplikasi pada besarnya tantangan perbankan syariâah di Indonesia terutama
dalam mempertahankan identitasnya sebagai perusahaan yang bergerak
berlandaskan prinsip-prinsip syariâah. Sejak berdirinya perbankan
syariah,berbagai kontroversi muncul dari masyarakat, masalah yang paling
banyak disorot adalah pelekatan label syariah pada institusi keuangan Islam yang
masih dianggap belum layak. Keraguan masyarakat tersebut seolah terjawab
dengan munculnya kasus yang cukup menggemparkan yakni kasus fraud (tindak
kecurangan) yang terjadi di lembaga syariah.
Bank Muamalat Indonesia merupakan bank syariâah pertama yang muncul
dengan gagasan bank murni syariâah. Akan tetapi, bank Muamalat Indonesia juga
tak luput dari kasus fraud yang dilakukan oleh karyawan bank tersebut.
Berdasarkan Laporan Tahunan BMI menyebutkan bahwa telah terjadi
peningkatan kasus fraud dari tahun sebelumnya yang berjumlah 18 kasus menjadi
82 kasus pada tahun 2016. Padahal perusahaan yang menggunakan identitas
syariah seharusnya dapat lebih meminimalisir bahkan meniadakan resiko
terjadinya kasus fraud dengan adanya internal control perusahaan. Dari latar
belakang tersebut, peneliti berusaha mendalami peran pengawasan Unit Kerja
Anti Fraud dalam fraud preventive pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Penelitian ini
merupakan penelitin pustaka yang bersifat deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan
kualitatif. Adapun sumber bahan hukum primer yang dipakai yaitu berdasarkan
Laporan Tahunan Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tahun 2016. Sedangkan sumber
bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku-buku, jurnal,karya ilmiah, artikel, terkait
dengan strategi anti fraud perbankan syariah.
Dari hasil penelitian dikemukakan bahwa peningkatan kasus fraud yang
terjadi pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia disebabkan kurang efektifnya pengawasan
Unit Kerja Anti Fraud. Hal ini dikarenakan kegiatan yang dilakukan selama tahun
2016 belum menujukkan adanya usaha preventif terhadap kasus fraud. Sedangkan
pencegahan merupakan pilar penting dalam keefektivan sebuah pengawasan.
Tujuan perusahaan dalam mencegah fraud dapat tercapai, jika fungsi pengawasan
dilakukan sebelum terjadinya penyimpangan-penyimpangan sehingga lebih
bersifat mencegah (prefentive control). Oleh karena itu, keefektivan pengawasan
Unit Kerja Anti Fraud diharapkan dapat meminimalisir tindak kecurangan demi
mewujudkan perusahaan yang patuh terhadap ketentuan syariah sesuai dengan
identitas perusahaan.
vii
Usaha pencegahan terjadinya kasus pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia
diharapkan dapat menjadi bukti terlaksananya tatakelola perusahaan (Good
Corporate Governance) pada Bank Syariâah dengan baik. Hal ini berdasarkan
dalam dalam perbankan syariah dikenal adanya prinsip-prinsip syariah yang
mendukung bagi terlaksananya prinsip GCG yakni keharusan bagi subjek hukum
termasuk bank untuk menerapkan prinsip kejujuran (shiddiq), edukasi kepada
masyarakat (tabligh), kepercayaan (amanah), dan pengelolaan secara profesional
(fathanah)
Differential burden of rare and common variants on tumor characteristics, survival, and mode of detection in breast cancer
Genetic variants that increase breast cancer risk can be rare or common. This study tests whether the genetic risk stratification of breast cancer by rare and common variants in established loci can discriminate tumors with different biology, patient survival, and mode of detection. Multinomial logistic regression tested associations between genetic risk load [protein-truncating variant (PTV) carriership in 31 breast cancer predisposition genesâor polygenic risk score (PRS) using 162 single-nucleotide polymorphisms], tumor characteristics, and mode of detection (OR). Ten-year breast cancerâspecific survival (HR) was estimated using Cox regression models. In this unselected cohort of 5,099 patients with breast cancer diagnosed in Sweden between 2001 and 2008, PTV carriers (n = 597) were younger and associated with more aggressive tumor phenotypes (ER-negative, large size, high grade, high proliferation, luminal B, and basal-like subtype) and worse outcome (HR, 1.65; 1.16â2.36) than noncarriers. After excluding 92 BRCA1/2 carriers, PTV carriership remained associated with high grade and worse survival (HR, 1.76; 1.21â2.56). In 5,007 BRCA1/2 noncarriers, higher PRS was associated with less aggressive tumor characteristics (ER-positive, PR-positive, small size, low grade, low proliferation, and luminal A subtype). Among patients with low mammographic density (Significance: These findings offer the potential to improve screening practices for breast cancer by providing a deeper understanding of how risk variants affect disease progression and mode of detection
Differential burden of rare and common variants on tumor characteristics, survival, and mode of detection in breast cancer
Genetic variants that increase breast cancer risk can be rare or common. This study tests whether the genetic risk stratification of breast cancer by rare and common variants in established loci can discriminate tumors with different biology, patient survival, and mode of detection. Multinomial logistic regression tested associations between genetic risk load [protein-truncating variant (PTV) carriership in 31 breast cancer predisposition genesâor polygenic risk score (PRS) using 162 single-nucleotide polymorphisms], tumor characteristics, and mode of detection (OR). Ten-year breast cancerâspecific survival (HR) was estimated using Cox regression models. In this unselected cohort of 5,099 patients with breast cancer diagnosed in Sweden between 2001 and 2008, PTV carriers (n = 597) were younger and associated with more aggressive tumor phenotypes (ER-negative, large size, high grade, high proliferation, luminal B, and basal-like subtype) and worse outcome (HR, 1.65; 1.16â2.36) than noncarriers. After excluding 92 BRCA1/2 carriers, PTV carriership remained associated with high grade and worse survival (HR, 1.76; 1.21â2.56). In 5,007 BRCA1/2 noncarriers, higher PRS was associated with less aggressive tumor characteristics (ER-positive, PR-positive, small size, low grade, low proliferation, and luminal A subtype). Among patients with low mammographic density (<25%), non-BRCA1/2 PTV carriers were more often interval than screen-detected breast cancer (OR, 1.89; 1.12â3.21) than noncarriers. In contrast, higher PRS was associated with lower risk of interval compared with screen-detected cancer (OR, 0.77; 0.64â0.93) in women with low mammographic density. These findings suggest that rare and common breast cancer susceptibility loci are differentially associated with tumor characteristics, survival, and mode of detection. Significance: These findings offer the potential to improve screening practices for breast cancer by providing a deeper understanding of how risk variants affect disease progression and mode of detection
Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in a large, unselected breast cancer cohort
Breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2âdriven tumors may benefit from targeted therapy. It is not clear whether current BRCA screening guidelines are effective at identifying these patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of inherited BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in a large, clinically representative breast cancer cohort and to estimate the proportion of BRCA1/2 carriers not detected by selectively screening individuals with the highest probability of being carriers according to current clinical guidelines. The study included 5,122 unselected Swedish breast cancer patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2008. Target sequence enrichment (48.48 Fluidigm Access Arrays) and sequencing were performed (Illumina HiâSeq 2,500 instrument, v4 chemistry). Differences in patient and tumor characteristics of BRCA1/2 carriers who were already identified as part of clinical BRCA1/2 testing routines and additional BRCA1/2 carriers found by sequencing the entire study population were compared using logistic regression models. Ninetyâtwo of 5,099 patients with valid variant calls were identified as BRCA1/2 carriers by screening all study participants (1.8%). Only 416 study participants (8.2%) were screened as part of clinical practice, but this identified 35 out of 92 carriers (38.0%). Clinically identified carriers were younger, less likely postmenopausal and more likely to be associated with familiar ovarian cancer compared to the additional carriers identified by screening all patients. More BRCA2 (34/42, 81.0%) than BRCA1 carriers (23/50, 46%) were missed by clinical screening. In conclusion, BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence in unselected breast cancer patients was 1.8%. Six in ten BRCA carriers were not detected by selective clinical screening of individuals
Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in a large, unselected breast cancer cohort
Breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2âdriven tumors may benefit from targeted therapy. It is not clear whether current BRCA screening guidelines are effective at identifying these patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of inherited BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in a large, clinically representative breast cancer cohort and to estimate the proportion of BRCA1/2 carriers not detected by selectively screening individuals with the highest probability of being carriers according to current clinical guidelines. The study included 5,122 unselected Swedish breast cancer patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2008. Target sequence enrichment (48.48 Fluidigm Access Arrays) and sequencing were performed (Illumina HiâSeq 2,500 instrument, v4 chemistry). Differences in patient and tumor characteristics of BRCA1/2 carriers who were already identified as part of clinical BRCA1/2 testing routines and additional BRCA1/2 carriers found by sequencing the entire study population were compared using logistic regression models. Ninetyâtwo of 5,099 patients with valid variant calls were identified as BRCA1/2 carriers by screening all study participants (1.8%). Only 416 study participants (8.2%) were screened as part of clinical practice, but this identified 35 out of 92 carriers (38.0%). Clinically identified carriers were younger, less likely postmenopausal and more likely to be associated with familiar ovarian cancer compared to the additional carriers identified by screening all patients. More BRCA2 (34/42, 81.0%) than BRCA1 carriers (23/50, 46%) were missed by clinical screening. In conclusion, BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence in unselected breast cancer patients was 1.8%. Six in ten BRCA carriers were not detected by selective clinical screening of individuals