¿Son los derechos humanos valores jurídicos?

The purpose of this paper is to facilitate a wide, unfinished and flexible concept of Human Rights. Sorne philosphical questions shuould be resolved: 1. The concept of values, 2. The Objectivity of values; 3. The relations between values and needs; 4. A theory of goods that integrates social and institutional concepts. Human Rights are not legal values. They are legal norms endowed with a large content of value

Colonialismo y violencia. Bases para una reflexión pos-colonial desde los derechos humanos

Percorrem-se quatro mecanismos fundamentais do difusionismo colonialista ocidental: o estabelecimento de generalizações abusivas que impedem o conhecimento da complexidade do outro; o backlash colonialista e a ocultação das origens dos processos coloniais; a transformação do espaço geográfico; o humanismo abstracto e a sua distância no referente às práticas depredadoras do colonialismo. Estes mecanismos são analisados da perspectiva de uma concepção radical de direitos humanos, concluindo‑se que a capacidade de lutar tanto pelo reconhecimento cultural como pela justa distribuição de recursos está na essência da afirmação desses direitos.The article discusses four fundamental mechanisms of Western colonialist diffusionism: the establishment of abusive generalizations that prevent the knowledge of the other’s complexity; the colonialist backlash and the concealment of the origins of colonialist processes; the transformation of geographical space; abstract humanism and its distance in relation to the depredatory practices of colonialism. The author analyzes these mechanisms from the perspective of a radical conception of human rights, and concludes that the capacity to fight for both cultural recognition and the just distribution of resources resides in the essential affirmation of these rights.On parcourra quatre mécanismes fondamentaux du diffusionnisme colonialiste occidental: l’établissement de généralisations abusives qui empêchent la connaissance de la complexité de l’Autre; le backlash colonialiste et l’occultation des origines des processus coloniaux; la transformation de l’espace géographique; l’humanisme abstrait et sa distance par rapport aux pratiques dévastatrices du colonialisme. Ces mécanismes sont analysés dans la perspective d’une conception radicale des droits humains, avec cette conclusion que la capacité de lutter tant par la reconnaissance culturelle que par la juste distribution des ressources se trouve dans l’essence même de l’affirmation de ces droits

Claves para el análisis del pensamiento autoritario en Iberoamérica. (Proyecciones teóricas y políticas de la obra Cesarismo Democrático de Laureano Valenilla Lanz)

En el estudio que aquí se presenta se analiza hasta qué punto se puede llegar a una situación democrática estable, siguiendo los planteamientos del Cesarismo Democrático de Laureano Velenilla Lanz, que para conseguir los objetivos utilitaristas señalados por Simón Bolívar en su Manifiesto de Cartagena, intentó construir un sistema autoritario de gobierno.En contra de los razonamientos expresados por el autor venezolano, y desde una óptica más actual, hablar de democracia no supone quedarse en la mera constatación de las realidades concretas, sino hacerlo desde una perspectiva de deber ser. Aceptar los hechos tal y como son, tiene como consecuencia teórica la ausencia de criterio demarcador que oriente la política concreta y, cómo no, la labor intelectual. Entre los objetivos de estas páginas resaltan dos: la democracia se refuerza con un mayor grado de democracia; y que la lucha por las condiciones económicas, sociales o laborales, no puede ser desgajada de la pugna política por conseguir cada vez mayores espacios democráticos, tanto en la sociedad como en el Estado

Interacciones nutrimentales y normas de la técnica de nutrimento compuesto en nopal

There is a lack of basic knowledge on nopal cactus nutrition that would help to increase its productivity. In this context, we used the technique of Compounded Nutrient Diagnosis (DNC) to define preliminary norms for nutrition in nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller), based on the cubic relation between yields and accumulated variance proportion functions, as well as the χ2 distribution function of global nutrition indices. We considered a database that included 180 yield observations (as cladode fresh weight per plant) and the of N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations (%) in one-year-old cladodes. Biomass yield of nopal cactus depends significantly on N (P≤0.01), K (P≤0.05) and Mg (P≤0.05) concentrations. We observed the following significant synergisms: P-K (P≤0.05), K-Mg (P≤0.01) and Mg-Ca (P≤0.01); and the antagonisms: N-Ca (P≤0.01) y N-Mg (P≤0.05). The DNC preliminary proposed norms expressed as logarithms of the centered proportions (mean ± standard deviation) for d = 5 nutrients, based on a high-yielding (more than 46.7 kg·plant-1 nopal cactus cladodes grown in a calcareous soil) sub-population (n = 57) are: * NV = -0.98 ± 0.35, * PV = -2.23 ± 0.21, * VK = 0.25 ± 0.19, * VCa = 0.37 ± 0.35, * VMg = -0.71 ± 0.17, and * Rd V = 3.29 ± 0.09. These norms correspond to the following ranges of optimal concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) in the cladodes: 1.29 ± 0.47 of N (%), 0.36 ± 0.08 of P (%), 4.24 ± 0.88 of K (%), 4.96 ± 1.73 of Ca (%) and 1.61 ± 0.27 of Mg (%). Nopal cactus concentrates more than four times K and Ca than N, proving that it is a calcitrophic plant. Something similar occurs between Mg and P, because the former is four times higher in concentration than the latter.Hacen falta conocimientos básicos sobre la nutrición del nopal, esto para hacerlo más productivo. En ese contexto, se utilizó la técnica de Diagnóstico de Nutrimento Compuesto (DNC) para definir normas preliminares de nutrición en nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller), sustentada en la relación cúbica entre los rendimientos y las funciones de proporción de varianza acumulada, así como en la función de distribución χ2 de los índices de nutrición global. Se consideró una base de datos con 180 observaciones de rendimiento (expresado en peso fresco de cladodio por planta) y las concentraciones (%) de N, P, K, Ca y Mg en cladodios de un año de edad. El rendimiento de biomasa de nopal depende significativamente de las concentraciones de N (P≤0.01), K (P≤0.05) y Mg (P≤0.05). Se apreciaron los siguientes sinergismos significativos: P-K (P≤0.05), K-Mg (P≤0.01) y Mg-Ca (P≤0.01); y los antagonismos: N-Ca (P≤0.01) y N-Mg (P≤0.05). Las normas preliminares de DNC propuestas y expresadas como logaritmos de las proporciones centradas (media ± desviación estándar) para d = 5 nutrientes, con base en una subpoblación (n = 57) de alto rendimiento (más de 46.7 kg·planta-1 de cladodios de nopal cultivado en un suelo calcáreo) son: * NV = -0.98 ± 0.35, * PV = -2.23 ± 0.21, * KV = 0.25 ± 0.19, * Ca V = 0.37 ± 0.35, * Mg V = -0.71 ± 0.17, y * Rd V = 3.29 ± 0.09. Esas normas corresponden a los siguientes rangos de concentraciones óptimas (medias ± desviación estándar) en los cladodios: 1.29 ± 0.47 de N (%), 0.36 ± 0.08 de P (%), 4.24 ± 0.88 de K (%), 4.96 ± 1.73 de Ca (%) y 1.61 ± 0.27 de Mg (%). El nopal concentra más de cuatro veces K y Ca que N, demostrando que es una planta calcitrófica. Algo similar ocurre entre Mg y P, pues el primero se concentra cuatro veces más que el segundo

Steel cathodic protection afforded by zinc, aluminium and zinc/aluminium alloy coatings in the atmosphere

Zinc has traditionally been the metallic material most widely used to protect steel against atmospheric corrosion due to its ability to afford cathodic protection to steel in all types of natural atmospheres. In recent decades, aluminium and zinc/aluminium alloy coatings have been used instead of zinc in certain atmospheric applications. Although these coatings present some advantages over zinc, they are not able to cathodically protect steel substrates in all types of natural atmospheres. The present paper assesses the cathodic protection afforded by Al (flame spraying), Al/13 Si (hot dipping), 55Al/Zn (hot dipping), Zn/15Al (flame spraying), Zn/5Al (hot dipping), Zn (hot dipping), Zn (discontinuous hot dipping) and Zn (electroplating). Aluminium and aluminium-rich alloy coatings (55%Al/Zn) provide cathodic protection to the steel substrate only in atmospheres that are highly contaminated with chloride ions (>100 mg Cl- m-2 day-1) where these coatings become active. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer Reviewe

Experiencias de vinculación universitaria desde la formación, la intervención social y la investigación (Complexus 10)

La edición revela experiencias universitarias que analizan y proponen soluciones a problemas sociales mediante la acción colectiva. Muestra la fusión de saberes académicos, experiencias de diversos actores y esfuerzos de la sociedad que se entretejen para construir un mundo más justo y más humano.ITESO, A.C

IV Foro Internacional de Ganadería Sustentable: conectividad ecosistémica y articulación territorial hacia la Agenda 2030

En este espacio plural de análisis y reflexiones, buscamos articular conceptos y posibilidades para los territorios de montaña del centro de México, dando importancia a medios de vida vinculados a la ganadería y su interacción ecosistémica, fundamentado en innovaciones, casos de éxito e iniciativas emblemáticas nacionales e internacionales. La socialización de experiencias es uno de los pilares para transitar hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos ganaderos: compartir logros e iniciativas, crear sinergias e identificar vulnerabilidades desde distintos enfoques.GIZ, Agencia de Cooperación Aleman

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection