13 research outputs found
Modelo computacional para suporte à decisão em áreas irrigadas. Parte II. Testes e aplicação.
Apresentou-se, na Parte I desta pesquisa, o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional denominado MCID, para suporte à tomada de decisão quanto ao planejamento e manejo de projetos de irrigação e/ou drenagem. Objetivou-se, na Parte II, testar e aplicar o MCID. No teste comparativo com o programa DRAINMOD, espaçamentos entre drenos, obtidos com o MCID, foram ligeiramente maiores ou idênticos. Os espaçamentos advindos com o MCID e o DRAINMOD foram consideravelmente maiores que os obtidos por meio de metodologias tradicionais de dimensionamento de sistemas de drenagem. A produtividade relativa total, YRT, obtida com o MCID foi, em geral, inferior à conseguida com o DRAINMOD, devido a diferenças de metodologia ao se estimar a produtividade da cultura em resposta ao déficit hídrico. Na comparação com o programa CRO-PWAT, obtiveram-se resultados muito próximos para (YRT) e evapotranspiração real. O modelo desenvolvido foi aplicado para as condições do Projeto Jaíba, MG, para culturas perenes e anuais cultivadas em diferentes épocas. Os resultados dos testes e aplicações indicaram a potencialidade do MClD como ferramenta de apoio à decisão em projetos de irrigação e/ou drenagem
Computational modeling for irrigated agriculture planning. Part I: general description and linear programming.
Linear programming models are effective tools to support initial or periodic planning of agricultural enterprises, requiring, however, technical coefficients that can be determined using computer simulation models. This paper, presented in two parts, deals with the development, application and tests of a methodology and of a computational modeling tool to support planning of irrigated agriculture activities. Part I aimed at the development and application, including sensitivity analysis, of a multiyear linear programming model to optimize the financial return and water use, at farm level for Jaíba irrigation scheme, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using data on crop irrigation requirement and yield, obtained from previous simulation with MCID model. The linear programming model outputted a crop pattern to which a maximum total net present value of R 372.723,00 para o período de quatro anos. Restrições quanto à disponibilidade mensal de água, mão-de-obra, terra e produção foram críticas na solução ótima. Em relação à otimização de uso da água, verificou-se que expressivas reduções no requerimento de irrigação podem ser obtidas com pequenas reduções no valor presente líquido total máximo
Preferences for Domestic Water Services in the Middle Olifants Sub-Basin of South Africa
Using household survey data, this study investigates preferences for domestic water services in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Water is a relatively scarce resource in South Africa that is distributed unevenly both geographically and seasonally as well as sociopolitically. For a water management addressing the policy objectives of efficiency in use, equity in access and benefits and long-term sustainability, economic valuation of the different water uses is required. In order to detect households' preferences, a choice experiment of the various water services was conducted. Results suggested the presence of preference heterogeneity and therefore, a latent class model was applied, dividing households into homogeneous groups according to their preferences. Four distinct groups of households could be identified which differ significantly in terms of their socio-economic characteristics, their attitudes toward pricing of water and their satisfaction with current water service levels. Willingness to pay (WTP) estimates of different water service characteristics in all groups indicate that households are willing to pay higher prices for a better and more reliable water services provision. But the amount households are willing to pay differs among the groups. This information is helpful for policy-makers to enable the design of water services in the Middle Olifants according to preferences of local households. Besides, WTP estimation can provide a basis for setting water tariffs
Small-scale farming and extension in South Africa's Northern Province
Small-scale agriculture in South Africa's Northern Province varies significantly. Farmers have different objectives, they face different environments, and are involved in various farm enterprises. This situation issues challenges to institutions which offer support services to smallholders, particularly the extension service. The paper provides an entry point to discuss extension for small scale farmers in the Northern Province by (1) offering a descriptive analysis of small scale farming system and (2) by trying to quantify the impact of support services on farmer's performance using statistical analyses. The results show that credit and grants seem to contribute to agricultural performance in some areas, while no significant coefficients could be estimated for extension. The latter finding corresponds with a more qualitative assessment of government extension by other authors. However, in the Northern Province new approaches to smallholder extension are currently developed, tested and implemented. With their focus on improving the relevance of extension advice through farmer's participation and staff training, these approaches could contribute to a significant improvement of the impact of extension. Yet, the introduction of an appropriate monitoring and evaluation component to assure impact assessment and the necessary adaptation of the new system is strongly recommended
Institutional Transformation of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming in South Africa
The paper outlines recent developments in small-scale irrigation fanning in South Africa, particularly in terms of various institutional changes. In an attempt to put the South African situation in a broader context, institutional arrangements related to credit provision to small-scale farmers in Ghana, Tanzania and Pakistan are described. For two case studies from South Africa, regression models are used to estimate the impact of credit, extension and land tenure arrangements on small-scale farmers' net income. The findings confirm the positive impact of access to institutions on farmers' performance. We conclude by stressing the importance of institutions in small-scale irrigation fanning and suggest that more emphasis should be put on the development of effective institutions in policy, program implementation and research
Measuring smallholder comparative advantage in three South African provinces
A major policy issue in South Africa is the redefinition of the role of the previously disadvantaged smallholder agricultural sector in providing rural livelihoods. This study shows that black small-scale farmers do produce certain agricultural activities both profitably and efficiently. This has major implications for broader rural growth and development. Agricultural policies aimed at promoting commodities that best make use of resources are required to exploit potential linkages with non-agricultural sectors of the economy.For more information on the Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa or subscription to Agrekon, visit http://www.aeasa.org.zahttp://www.aeasa.org.z
Computational modeling for irrigated agriculture planning. Part I: general description and linear programming.
Linear programming models are effective tools to support initial or periodic planning of agricultural enterprises, requiring, however, technical coefficients that can be determined using computer simulation models. This paper, presented in two parts, deals with the development, application and tests of a methodology and of a computational modeling tool to support planning of irrigated agriculture activities. Part I aimed at the development and application, including sensitivity analysis, of a multiyear linear programming model to optimize the financial return and water use, at farm level for Jaíba irrigation scheme, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using data on crop irrigation requirement and yield, obtained from previous simulation with MCID model. The linear programming model outputted a crop pattern to which a maximum total net present value of R 372.723,00 para o período de quatro anos. Restrições quanto à disponibilidade mensal de água, mão-de-obra, terra e produção foram críticas na solução ótima. Em relação à otimização de uso da água, verificou-se que expressivas reduções no requerimento de irrigação podem ser obtidas com pequenas reduções no valor presente líquido total máximo.200
Modelo computacional para suporte à decisão em áreas irrigadas. Parte I: Desenvolvimento e análise de sensibilidade.
Este trabalho se refere ao desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para suporte à tomada de decisão, quanto ao planejamento e manejo de projetos de irrigação e/ou drenagem. O modelo computacional, denominado MCID, é aplicável em nível de unidade de produção, gerando informações sobre como diferentes práticas de manejo da irrigação e configurações do sistema de drenagem afetam a produtividade e o retorno financeiro. Essas informações podem ser empregadas em estudos de otimização de padrão de cultivo em nível de propriedade agrícola, em relação ao retorno financeiro e ao uso da água, associados à análise de risco com base em simulações. O balanço hídrico e de sais na zona radicular e as estimativas da profundidade do lençol freático e vazão nos drenos, são conduzidos em base diária. A análise de sensibilidade indicou que os parâmetros de entrada que mais influenciaram o requerimento de irrigação totalizado para o ciclo, foram espaçamento entre drenos, porosidade drenável, número da curva, condutividade hidráulica horizontal do solo saturado, profundidade da camada impermeável e os parâmetros n e a do modelo de van Genuchten-Mualem.200