Взаємозв’язок великих кондратьєвських циклів розвитку економіки і системних світових конфліктів

Однією з найважливіших проблем, що постала перед сучасною наукою у зв’язку із стрімким розгортанням глобальної економічної кризи, загостренням світових конфліктів, є вироблення науково обґрунтованих «метричних» експрес прогнозів розвитку суспільства на ближчу і далеку перспективу

Fitting the integrated Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies

Fitting the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies is an almost universally used technique that has matured significantly in the last decade. Model predictions and fitting procedures have improved significantly over this time, attempting to keep up with the vastly increased volume and quality of available data. We review here the field of SED fitting, describing the modelling of ultraviolet to infrared galaxy SEDs, the creation of multiwavelength data sets, and the methods used to fit model SEDs to observed galaxy data sets. We touch upon the achievements and challenges in the major ingredients of SED fitting, with a special emphasis on describing the interplay between the quality of the available data, the quality of the available models, and the best fitting technique to use in order to obtain a realistic measurement as well as realistic uncertainties. We conclude that SED fitting can be used effectively to derive a range of physical properties of galaxies, such as redshift, stellar masses, star formation rates, dust masses, and metallicities, with care taken not to over-interpret the available data. Yet there still exist many issues such as estimating the age of the oldest stars in a galaxy, finer details ofdust properties and dust-star geometry, and the influences of poorly understood, luminous stellar types and phases. The challenge for the coming years will be to improve both the models and the observational data sets to resolve these uncertainties. The present review will be made available on an interactive, moderated web page (sedfitting.org), where the community can access and change the text. The intention is to expand the text and keep it up to date over the coming years.Comment: 54 pages, 26 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.Education and Child Studie

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

"What about the next 100 years"

As the Chiropractic profession celebrates its Th birthday this year there is no question that the profession has progressed a long way since the time of D.D. Palmer and that first "adjustment". Although the Australian Chiropractic profession still has a way to go to celebrate its centenary this country can proudly boast its own advancements and achievements, particularly in relation to undergraduate and post graduate training

Distribution of the voltage-gated delayed-rectifier K+ subunits, Kv1.1 and Kv1.2, in the adult murine enteric nervous system

The voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels, forming the largest family of K+ channels, are tetrameric transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell???s membrane potential. They regulate cell membrane potential and excitability in neurons and other cell types [1]. Electrophysiological studies of enteric neurons and glial cells in isolated myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine, have shown that these cells display several types of voltage-sensitive ion channels, including voltage-gated delayed-rectifier K+ channels [2]. A pharmacological study in the guinea-pig has revealed that Kv1.1 subunits are expressed in the enteric nervous system (ENS) [3], while a morphological and functional study reported on the presence of Kv1.1 in enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in gastrointestinal tissues of the dog, guinea-pig and mouse [4]. In dog, using Northern blot analysis, Kv1.2 subunit expression has been found to be restricted to gastrointestinal smooth muscle [5], while in rabbit, using immunoprecipitation, Kv1.2 subunits were found to be expressed in colonic epithelium [6]. Due to the lack of detailed data concerning Kv channels in enteric glia and the entangled results concerning Kv subunit distribution in the gastrointestinal wall, we aimed to elucidate the expression of voltage-gated delayed rectifier K+ channels in the murine gastrointestinal wall with immunocytochemical techniques and confocal microscopy. Distribution of the voltage-gated delayed-rectifier ... http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540...

Environmental enrichment for captive Eastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)

Eastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) are kept in zoos and increasingly commonly as exotic pets, but little is known about improving their welfare by enrichment of their environment. Using nine animals kept individually in cages provided with a brick for basking and a pipe for hiding, we initially investigated enriching their environment with mealworms, either scattered on the floor or inserted into a foodball. The mealworms increased the time that the lizards spent feeding on both their ration and the mealworms and increased liveweight gain. Scattering the mealworms on the floor of their cages increased the time taken to eat them, compared with taking them from the foodball. Mealworms also reduced the time that the lizards spent hiding. Second, using eight individually housed lizards and replacing the pipe with a log which could be used both for basking and hiding, we investigated whether increasing the size of their enclosure and its temperature affected their behaviour, in a two-factor changeover design with two-week periods. When lizards were moved from small to large enclosures, they greatly increased the time that they spent walking on the first day, and they walked longer and further for the rest of the period. Lizards in big enclosures also spent more time hiding in the log and less time inactive on the log or the brick. Lizards in hot enclosures spent more time basking on the log and less time hiding in it, which would be valuable for display animals. The benefit of enriching the captive environment of Eastern blue-tongue lizards by scattering mealworms in their cage may depend on the effect on the lizards' weight and the cage's conditions, as captive lizards often become obese, and inactivity and weight loss are normal in their natural habitat during the dry season. Increasing the size of enclosures increases walking activity and reduces weight gain, which similarly will have variable effects on welfare depending on the impact on their bodyweight. Lizards in large enclosures have an increased propensity to hide so it is important that opportunities for this are provided