One dimensional heavy ion beam transport: Energy independent model

Attempts are made to model the transport problem for heavy ion beams in various targets, employing the current level of understanding of the physics of high-charge and energy (HZE) particle interaction with matter are made. An energy independent transport model, with the most simplified assumptions and proper parameters is presented. The first and essential assumption in this case (energy independent transport) is the high energy characterization of the incident beam. The energy independent equation is solved and application is made to high energy neon (NE-20) and iron (FE-56) beams in water. The numerical solutions is given and compared to a numerical solution to determine the accuracy of the model. The lower limit energy for neon and iron to be high energy beams is calculated due to Barkas and Burger theory by LBLFRG computer program. The calculated values in the density range of interest (50 g/sq cm) of water are: 833.43 MeV/nuc for neon and 1597.68 MeV/nuc for iron. The analytical solutions of the energy independent transport equation gives the flux of different collision terms. The fluxes of individual collision terms are given and the total fluxes are shown in graphs relative to different thicknesses of water. The values for fluxes are calculated by the ANASTP computer code

Modelling Rainfall-Runoff Process of Kabul River Basin in Afghanistan Using ArcSWAT Model

Kabul River Basin is the most populated and an important source of water resources in Afghanistan. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, together with the ArcGIS and SWAT-CUP, is employed to predict the runoff in the basin. Nine years of meteorological and hydrological data are employed in the study. The DEM, the soil cover, and the land use/cover data are downloaded from the available global database. The ArcGIS based soil classification, the land use/cover, the elevation, the drainage, and the slope distribution maps of the basin are generated. The meteorological data from 18 different stations and the hydrological data from 7 different stations are obtained from the Ministry of Energy and Water of Afghanistan. The basin is divided into 48 sub-basins with a total number of 770 hydrological response units (HRUs). The sensitivity analysis results revealed that the flow characteristics of KRB are highly influenced by the groundwater and snowmelt.  The model is calibrated using the data from 2010 to 2014 and validated employing the data from 2015 to 2017 at seven different hydrological stations. The SWAT-CUP is successfully used to calibrate the model for predicting monthly and daily runoffs. The calibrations and validations for the seven stations are achieved, on the average, with the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.78 (for daily flows) and 0.82 (for monthly flows), respectively. Total water yield in the basin is estimated to be 432.9 mm/year, corresponding to 31 176 Mm3/year, hardly meeting the demand of 26 512 Mm3/year in the basin. &nbsp

A look at the orthographic challenges of Afghanistan's Uzbek language

The Uzbek language belongs to the eastern branch of Turkic languages. Turkic languages are part of the Ural-Altaic language family. The history of orthography and ancient literature of the Uzbek language goes back to the 'Orkhon Yinisey' stone in orthography ions. These petroglyphs were obtained from the beach of the Orkhon Seas in Mangolia, Yenisey (Anasay-Mother valley) in southern Siberia, Talas in Kyrgyzstan, and other areas such as Eastern Turkistan, Central Asia, Caucasus, Volga beach and parts of Europe area. These historical sites contain Turkish-Ronics writings. In the stone in orthography ions of 'Orkhon Yinisey', some of which include eulogies and hymns describing Turkish kings, are carved on the tombstones of Turkish kings and princes. The orthography of the Uzbek language of Uzbekistan has always changed from the previous state. However, the Uzbek orthography in Afghanistan has never changed since the 12th century until now; they use the Arabic-Uzbek orthography. In this research, library resources are used

Analysis of compound nouns containing the word "Alp" in Mahmud Kāshgarī's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kāshgarī is a significant work in the study of linguistics and literary works from the 11th century AD. It covers cultural, social, political, geographical subjects, and the use of compound words such as "Alp" is prevalent throughout the book. The work is considered unique among the Turk nation from a scientific, historical, and linguistic point of view. The Kāshgarī's linguistic view, the introduction of words, grammatical rules, and phonetic features of Turkic languages are examined in this book. The work was written during the reign of the Khaqani Turks, and it reflects the use of specific old Turkish nouns by members of the nobility. For example, each member of the nobility had old Turkish nouns like: Tegin çağr, Tegin küç, Qutluğ Tegin, Tegin kömüş, Tuğ Tegin, börı Tegin, Toŋa Tegin, Arsalan Tegin, tuğrul Tegin, Yenal Tegin, Qara Tegin. The Khaqan kings also used the word "Öge(üke) Tegit" to refer to their youngest children and individuals removed from their positions. The book analyzes the structure of compound nouns with the word "Alp", such as "Alp Aya", "Alp Er Toŋa”, "AlpAağut", and "AlpTegin", using the library method. The semantic and formal features of these compound nouns are also examined, drawing on reliable scientific sources and data from Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Overall, this research provides a detailed examination of the linguistic and historical significance of Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk

Zero group velocity Lamb waves in diamond/AlN-based layered structures

The propagation of the Lamb-like modes along a diamond/AlN thin supported structure was simulated in order to exploit the intrinsic zero group velocity (ZGV) features to design high frequency electroacoustic resonators. As the ZGV points are associated with an intrinsic energy localization under the metal electrodes, acoustic micro-resonators can be designed that employ only one interdigital transducer (IDT) and no reflectors, thus reducing both the device size and technological complexity. The ZGV resonant conditions in the diamond/AlN composite plate, i.e., the frequencies where the mode group velocity vanishes while the phase velocity remains finite, were investigated in the frequency range from few hundreds of MHz up to 3500 MHz. Thin film bulk acoustic resonators (TFBARs) based on c-AlN and on 45° c-axis tilted AlN film on diamond suspended membrane were simulated that operate in longitudinal and shear mode: the former is a thickness-extensional mode, while the latter is a thickness-in plane-shear mode that is suitable for liquid sensing applications. A smart structure based on diamond/AlN composite suspended membrane was modelled that provides several integrated functions including sensing in gaseous and liquid environment, and stable frequency source

Theoretical study of quasi-longitudinal Lamb modes in SiN/c-AlN thin composite plates for liquid sensing applications

The propagation of quasi-longitudinal Lamb mode along SiN/c-AlN thin composite plates was modeled and analyzed aimed at the design of a sensor able to detect the parameters change of a liquid environment, such as added mass and viscosity changes. Three modes were identified that have high phase velocity and quite good electroacoustic coupling efficiency: the fundamental quasi symmetric mode (qS0) and two higher order quasi-longitudinal modes (qL1 and qL2) with a dominantly longitudinal displacement component at one plate side. The velocity and attenuation of these modes were calculated for different liquid viscosities, and the gravimetric and viscosity sensitivities of both the phase velocity and attenuation were theoretically calculated

Growth and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of Grape Crop in Afghanistan

Grapes constitute a widely grown fruit in Afghanistan. Grapes can be grown just in anywhere but mostly in Kabul, Parwan, Kandahar, Zabul and Ghazni provinces. In Afghanistan there are three local varieties that offer the best commercial return for export: Shindokhani, Kishmishi and Taifi. New commercial varieties are also being introduced, such as Thompson Seedless and Red Globe, and are beginning to make inroads into foreign markets. The present study estimates the growth rate and instability of area, production, productivity of grape in top five provinces and Afghanistan as a whole during years 2011-12 to 2019-20. To analyse the growth rate and instability of area, production and productivity of grape, the statistical tools like Compound growth rate (CGR) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) were used. The result of the study showed that, the CGR for production in the Kandahar and Ghazni provinces were found positive and significant. While negative growth rate were found in Kabul, Parwan and Zabul provinces. The instability of production and area were very high in Kandahar province compare to the other selected provinces

Traditional plant based therapy among rural communities of some villages of Baramulla district (Jammu and Kashmir)

The medicinal properties of plant species have made an outstanding contribution in the origin and evolution of many traditional herbal therapies. Keeping this thing in view, an ethno medicinal survey was carried out to study traditionally used plants by the rural communities of Baramulla district Jammu and Kashmir. It was found that due to poor condition of modern healthcare facilities and poverty, people of the area fully or partially rely on local medicinal plants for curing diseases. The study documented 32 plant species belonging to 22 families. Lamiaceae was the most represented plant family (5 species). Among the documented plant species 23 were herbs, 4 shrubs, 3 trees and 1 climber. The study revealed that the mostly used plant parts for therapeutic purposes were leaves followed by roots. During the course of study it was observed that most of the diseases treated were cough, rheumatism, fever and urinary disorders. It was found that the study area is fairly rich not only in medicinal wealth but also have deeply rooted traditional knowledge hence scientific investigations are desirable to validate their claims.&nbsp