Field tests for control of the mound-building termite Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832) (Isoptera, Termitidae)

Com a finalidade de combater o cupim de monte Cornitermes cumulans, importante espécie invasora, foram instalados dois campos experimentais. Experimento I: 60 ninhos foram escolhidos e medidos externamente. O ensaio constou de 6 tratamentos com 10 repetições: A) abamectina (50 cm³ CE 1,8%); B) silafluofem (200 cm³ CE 80%); C) silafluofem (400 cm³ CE 80%); D) fipronil (15g G 2%); E) fipronil (20g G 2%); F) clorpirifós (30g G 0,125%). Nos tratamentos A, B, C, as quantidades entre parênteses são da formulação comercial em 100 litros de água. Em D, E, F, são do granulado para cada ninho. Dos líquidos, usou-se um litro de calda por monte. A demolição dos montes deu-se após 103 dias da aplicação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a abamectina e fipronil. Experimento II: Também neste ensaio os cupinzeiros foram 60, abrangendo 6 tratamentos com 10 repetições: A) fipronil (l0g G 2%); B) fipronil (15g G 2%); C) bendiocarbe (20g G 0,1%); D) bendiocarbe (20g G 0,5%); E) imidaclopride (0,15g G 70%); F) imidaclopride (0,30g G 70%). Em A, B, C, D, as quantidades de granulados são por ninho. Em E, F são de granulado dispersível em um litro de água, por ninho. A destruição dos cupinzeiros foi feita 148 e 149 dias após a aplicação. Os melhores resultados foram o fipronil e imidaclopride.Two field tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of several pesticides for the control of the mound termite pest in pastures. Experiment I: 60 mounds were selected and measured outside. There were 6 treatments with 10 replicátions: A) abamectin (50 cm³ 1.8% EC); B) silafluofen (200 cm³ 80% EC); C) silafluofen (400 cm³ 80% EC); D) fipronil (15g 2% G); E) fipronil (20g 2% G); F) chlorpirifos (30g 0.125% G). In A,B,C, the quantities between parenthesis are of the commercial formulation in 100 liters of water. In D,E,F, are of granular insecticides per mound. One liter of the liquids was used per nest. Demolition of the mounds were made 103 days after the application. The most efficient were abamectin and fipronil. Experiment II: Also 60 nests, with 6 treatments and 10 replicátions: A) fipronil (lOg 2% G); B) fipronil (15g 2% G); C) bendiocarb (20g 0.1% G); D) bendiocarh (20g 0.5% G); E) imidacloprid (0.15g 70% G); F) imidacloprid (0.30g 70% G). In A,B,C,D, the quantities of granular insecticides are by nest. In E,F, of dispersible granule in 1 liter of water, by nest. The demolition of the nests was made 148 and 149 days after the application. The most efficient were fipronil and imidacloprid

Chemical control of the leprosis mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geuskes, 1939) in citrus

A field test was carried out to evaluate the performance of several pesticides for the control of the citrus leprosis mite Brevipalpus phoenicis. The treatments were as follows: A) propargite (0.05; 72% EC) + sulphur (1,0; 75% CS); B) peropal (0.1 kg 25% MP); C) quinomethionate (0.05 kg 70% MP) (standard treatment); D) dicofol + tetradifon (0.2; (16% + 6%) EC; E) propargite (0.075; 72% EC); F) check. The quantities of the products employed in the experiment were based on the commercial formulations for 100 liters of water. Each orange-tree received a single application of ten liters of spray. Five mite evaluations were made: 4 days before spray and 16, 31, 45 and 60 days after the application. All treatments resulted in real pest reduction, higher than 80%, except for A (16 days after the spray) and for treatment C (60 days after the application).Com o objetivo de combater o ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), transmissor do vírus da leprose, foi estudada a eficiência de diferentes defensivos químicos. Os tratamentos foram seis, cada um com quatro repetições. A) propargite (0,05; CE 72%) + enxofre (1,0; SC 75%); B) peropal (0,1 kg PM 25%); C) quinometionato (0,05 kg PM 70%) (padrão); D) dicofol + tetradifom (0,2; CE 16% + 6%); E) propargite (0,075; CE 72%); F) testemunha. Cada laranjeira recebeu dez litros de calda numa única aplicação; usou-se o espalhante-adesivo "Extravon", à razão de 20 cm³/l00 litros de calda. Foram feitas cinco avaliações de infestações de ácaro: uma 4 dias antes da aplicação e outras após 16, 31, 45 e 60 dias da pulverização. Com exceção dos tratamentos propargite + enxofre (aos 16 dias) e quinometionato (aos 60 dias), todos os produtos apresentaram porcentagem de redução real da praga acima de 80% nas diferentes épocas de avaliação

ANÁLISE SILVICULTURAL E ECONÔMICA DE PLANTIOS CLONAIS E SEMINAIS DE Tectona grandis L.f. EM SISTEMA TAUNGYA1

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise silvicultural e econômica de plantios clonais e seminais de Tectona grandis em monocultivo e em sistema taungya com Zea mays, no Município de Figueirópolis D'Oeste, MT. O experimento foi instalado em 2010 e compôs um fatorial 2x2 em blocos casualizados e quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a altura total (H), o diâmetro a 5 cm (DAB) e a 1,3 m (DAP) de altura em relação ao nível do solo, a área basal, o volume, a sobrevivência e a estimativa e tendência de crescimento da teca na idade atual e futura, além da produção de silagem do milho. Foram realizadas análises das receitas e custos totais de implantação e manutenção do sistema. Plantas clonais em monocultivo e no sistema Taungya apresentaram maior crescimento em altura total, DAB e DAP em relação às seminais. No monocultivo e no sistema Taungya, a produção (m3 ha-1) de plantas clonais em relação às seminais foi 33 e 30% superior, respectivamente. Os custos com insumos e atividades de implantação da teca foram superiores e os de manutenção, inferiores no sistema Taungya em relação ao monocultivo, tanto para plantios clonais quanto seminais. No sistema Taungya com plantas clonais, o milho reduziu em 21% os custos totais de implantação e manutenção em relação ao monocultivo; nas plantas seminais, a redução foi de 27%. A teca no sistema Taungya cresce menos, porém apresenta tendência de recuperação após a retirada do milho, cuja presença amortiza custos de implantação e manutenção da teca em plantios clonais e seminais

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60�900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index SDI) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval UI 15·4�19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30�2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35�2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20�30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens