Guest Editorial Special Issue on Security and Forensics of Internet of Things: Problems and Solutions

The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced significant growth over recent years and Gartner predicts that, by 2020, 21 billion IoT endpoints will be in use. The potential behind widespread usage of small devices capable of collecting, transmitting, or acting upon data has been fueling interest both from industry and academia. Security and forensics are two of the topics facing major challenges in this paradigm, on par with or even more prominent than other computing paradigms. Aspects such as low processing power and small storage capacity of such IoT devices contribute to their typically poor built-in security and forensics capabilities. Their reliance on cloud computing and mobile apps to operate and provide services increases the attack surface, distributing the collection of digital evidence and making reconstruction activities (to answer questions as what, where, when, who, why, and how) harder

Caterpillars of Siderose marthesia nemesis (Illiger) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae) in cerrado near Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil

Caterpillars of Siderone marthesia nemesis (Illiger, 1802) (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae) have been found on Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Flacourtiaceae), during the second half of the rainy season in an area of cerrado near Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil. They occurred at very low density and are cryptic at all instars. The pupal stage does not occur on the host plant. Average duration of the pupa under laboratory conditions is 14.4 days

The larva of Cerconota achatina (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Stenomatinae, Oecophoridae): biology and occurrence on food plants of the genus Byrsonima Rich (Malpighiaceae)

Caterpillars of Cerconota achatina (Zeller, 1855) feed on lhe leaves of Byrsonima Rich in cerrado (savanna) of Brasília (Distrito Federal). They build shelters by tying leaves together with silk and frass. Within the leaf shelters the caterpillars form a tube of silk in which they feed. develop and pupate. In the laboratory the pupal stage is 14,4 days (sd=8,6: n=46). It was not possible to determine the age or numbers of instars of caterpillars in the wild. Of 93 caterpillars collected. 60% were feeding on B. cocclohifolia (Spr.) Kunth, 25% on B. crassa Nied. and 15% on B. verbascifolia [Rich. ex] Adr. & Juss. These numbers suggest a preference for B. coccolobifolia. Caterpillars of all size were found in every month of the year which suggest ovelapping generations and multivoltinism. They did not show a preference for new foliage and 75% of them were found on host-plants on wich less than 25% of leaves were young

Richness And Abundance Of Caterpillars On Byrsonima (malpighiaceae) Species In An Area Of Cerrado Vegetation In Central Brazil

We sampled lepidopteran caterpillars on three Byrsonima species (Malpighiaceae) in Central Brazil: Byrsonima crassa , Byrsonima verbascifolia and Byrsonima coccolobifolia between May 1993 and July 1994. Fifteen individuals of each plant species were censused weekly. Our main goal was to estimate the abundance and richness of lepidopteran larvae within each plant species. Only 13% of the 1 621 sampled plants had caterpillars on their leaves. This percentage was similar within each plant species. We found a pattern of low abundance and high richness of lepidopteran species associated with Byrsonima. There were 48 morphospecies and 46% of them occurred just once. There was a higher similarity between the fauna of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia than between these and B. coccolobifolia. Once it is known that hairy leaves can affect herbivore colonization and foraging strategy, we suggest that differences in the lepidopteran community associated with Byrsonima spp. are linked with different levels of pubescence on the leaf surface of each plant species. This tendency in Byrsonima is supported by the small number of caterpillars found on young leaves of B. crassa and B. verbascifolia, which are quite hairy.474691695Andrade, I., Diniz, I.R., Morais, H.C., A lagarta de Cerconota achatina: Biologia e ocorrência em plantas hospedeiras do gênero Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) (1996) Rev. Bras. Zool., 12, pp. 735-741Cappuccino, N., Mutual use of leaf-shelters by lepidopteran larvae on paper birch (1993) Ecol. Entomol., 18, pp. 287-292De Vries, P.J., (1987) The Butterflies of Costa Rica, , Princenton University Press, New Jersey, 327 pDiniz, I.R., Morais, H.C., Lepidopteran caterpillar fauna of cerrado host plants (1997) Biodiv. Conserv., 6, pp. 817-836Fielding, C.A., Coulson, J.C., A test of the validity of insect food-plant and life history records: Lepidoptera on heather (Calluna vulgaris) (1995) Ecol. Entomol., 20, pp. 343-350Janzen, D.H., Ecological characterization of a Costa Rican Dry Forest caterpillar fauna (1988) Biotropica, 20, pp. 120-135Lawton, J.H., Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: A comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents (1982) J. Anim. Ecol., 51, pp. 573-595Leather, S.R., Insect species richness of the British Rosaceae: The importance of host range, plant architecture, age of establishment, taxonomic isolation and species-area relationships (1986) J. Anim. Ecol., 55, pp. 841-860Lewinsohn, T.M., Insects in flower heads of Asteraceae in southeast Brazil: A case study on tropical species richness (1991) Plant-animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions, pp. 525-560. , Price P. W, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes & W. W. Benson (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, New YorkLoyola, R., Fernandes, G.W., Herbivoria em Kielmeyera coriacea (Guttiferae): Efeitos da idade da planta, desenvolvimento e aspectos qualitativos de folhas (1993) Rev. Bras. Biol., 53, pp. 295-304Marquis, R.J., Herbivore fauna of Piper (Piperaceae) in a Costa Rican Wet Forest: Diversity, specificity and impact (1991) Plant-animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions, pp. 179-205. , P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes & W. W. Benson (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, New YorkMarquis, R.J., Braker, H.E., Plant-herbivory interactions: Diversity, specificity and impact (1994) La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest, pp. 261-281. , L. M. McDade, K. S. Bawa, H. A. Hespenheide & G. S. Hartshorn (eds.). The University of Chicago Press, ChicagoMorais, H.C., Diniz, I.R., Baumgarten, L.C., Padrões de produção de folhas e sua utilização por larvas de Lepidoptera em um Cerrado de Brasília, DF (1995) Rev. Bras. Bot., 18, pp. 165-172Neuvonen, S., Niemelä, P., Species richness of macrolepidoptera on Finnish deciduous trees and shrubs (1981) Oecologia, 51, pp. 364-370Price, P.W., Diniz, I.R., Morais, H.C., Marques, E.S.A., The abundance of insect herbivore species in the tropics: The high local richness of rare species (1995) Biotropica, 27, pp. 468-478Ratter, Dargie, An analysis of the floristic composition of 26 cerrado areas in Brazil (1992) Edinburgh J. Bot., 49, pp. 235-250Schluter, D., Ricklefs, R.E., Species diversity: An introduction to the problem (1993) Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, pp. 1-10. , R. E. Ricklefs, & D. Schluter (eds.). The University of Chicago Press, ChicagoSowthwood, T.R.E., Moran, V.C., Kennedy, C.E.J., The assessment of arboreal insect fauna: Comparisons of knockdown sampling and faunal lists (1982) Ecol. Entomol., 7, pp. 331-340Southwood, T.R.E., Plant surfaces and insects - An overview (1986) Insects and the Plant Surface, pp. 1-22. , B. Juniper& R. Sowthwood (eds.). Edward Arnold, Baltimor

Thermal response of energy foundations installed in unsaturated residual soils

This study focuses on the thermal response of energy foundations with different piping geometries installed in unsaturated soil. Energy foundations are an efficient alternative to traditional space heating and cooling approaches and can reduce energy demand for air conditioning in Brazil, where unsaturated residual soil deposits are abundant. A three-dimensional numerical model for heat transfer and subsurface flow is first validated against field data from a thermal response test at the University of São Paulo. The model is then used to compare the performance of triple and quadruple U-tube piping geometries and helical piping geometries of equivalent length. The helical geometries resulted in initial less uniformly heated foundations and lower heat flux at the foundation boundary compared with the U-tubes, but the differences between the U-tube geometries and their equivalent length helices were less than 1°C. All piping geometries exhibited increased heat output as the length of heat exchanger piping increased. The infinite line source solution was compared with the model results. The infinite line source solution underestimated the thermal response of the system during the first 25-30 days and overestimated it afterwards