A Comparative Study of Unbuffered Interconnection Networks Based on Crosspoint Complexity

Delta networks are less complex than crossbar switches, but they suffer from blocking which severely degrades their throughput performance. In this paper, we compare three delta-based networks (namely, the replicated delta network, the dilated delta network, and the expanded delta network), with two crossbar-based networks (namely, the replicated crossbar switch and the expanded crossbar switch). Our comparisons are based on the minimum crosspoint complexity required to achieve given targets of maximum throughput. Two policies for packets successfully reaching the output side of a network are considered: singleand multiple-acceptance. Many interesting findings are reported. First, the expanded delta network appears to be a very good choice in terms of crosspoint complexity. Also, unless very high maximum throughputs are targeted, the replicated delta network outperforms the dilated delta network. Finally, a crossbarbased switch could have less crosspoint complexity than all or some of ..

Secured operating regions of Slotted ALOHA in the presence of interfering signals from other networks and DoS attacking signals

It is expected that many networks will be providing services at a time in near future and those will also produce different interfering signals for the current Slotted ALOHA based systems. A random packet destruction Denial of Service (DoS) attacking signal can shut down the Slotted ALOHA based networks easily. Therefore, to keep up the services of Slotted ALOHA based systems by enhancing the secured operating regions in the presence of the interfering signals from other wireless systems and DoS attacking signals is an important issue and is investigated in this paper. We have presented four different techniques for secured operating regions enhancements of Slotted ALOHA protocol. Results show that the interfering signals from other wireless systems and the DoS attacking signals can produce similar detrimental effect on Slotted ALOHA. However, the most detrimental effect can be produced, if an artificial DoS attack can be launched using extra false packets arrival from the original network. All four proposed secured operating regions enhancement techniques are easy to implement and have the ability to prevent the shutdown of the Slotted ALOHA based networks

Clinical picture and treatment of 2212 patients with common variable immunodeficiency.

BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an antibody deficiency with an equal sex distribution and a high variability in clinical presentation. The main features include respiratory tract infections and their associated complications, enteropathy, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferative disorders. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the clinical presentation, association between clinical features, and differences and effects of immunoglobulin treatment in Europe. METHODS: Data on 2212 patients with CVID from 28 medical centers contributing to the European Society for Immunodeficiencies Database were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Early disease onset (<10 years) was very frequent in our cohort (33.7%), especially in male subjects (39.8%). Male subjects with early-onset CVID were more prone to pneumonia and less prone to other complications suggesting a distinct disease entity. The diagnostic delay of CVID ranges between 4 and 5 years in many countries and is particularly high in subjects with early-onset CVID. Enteropathy, autoimmunity, granulomas, and splenomegaly formed a set of interrelated features, whereas bronchiectasis was not associated with any other clinical feature. Patient survival in this cohort was associated with age at onset and age at diagnosis only. There were different treatment strategies in Europe, with considerable differences in immunoglobulin dosing, ranging from 130 up to 750 mg/kg/mo. Patients with very low trough levels of less than 4 g/L had poor clinical outcomes, whereas higher trough levels were associated with a reduced frequency of serious bacterial infections. CONCLUSION: Patients with CVID are being managed differently throughout Europe, affecting various outcome measures. Clinically, CVID is a truly variable antibody deficiency syndrome