2,874 research outputs found
Isotope shifts and hyperfine structure of the Fe I 372 nm resonance line
We report measurements of the isotope shifts of the Fe I resonance line at 372 nm between all four stable
isotopes Fe, Fe, Fe, and Fe, as well as the
complete hyperfine structure of that line for Fe, the only stable
isotope having a non-zero nuclear spin. The field and specific mass shift
coefficients of the transition have been derived from the data, as well as the
experimental value for the hyperfine structure magnetic dipole coupling
constant of the excited state of the transition in Fe: MHz. The measurements were done by means of Doppler-free
laser saturated-absorption spectroscopy in a Fe-Ar hollow cathode using both
natural and enriched iron samples. The measured isotope shifts and hyperfine
constants are reported with uncertainties at the percent level.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Modelling water transport and phosphorus eutrophication in an interconnected lake system : a scenario study
The water in the south-western Frisian lake district is highly eutrophicated. Summer chlorophyll-a concentrations often exceed 150 μg.l -1, while total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are mostly above 0.2 mg.l -1. Therefore, a research project was started in 1984 to study the origin and dynamics of phosphorus (P) in the area. The nutrient P was chosen because reducing TP concentrations was believed to result in favourable conditions for restoration of the aquatic ecosystem. The objective of the study was to model the TP dynamics and to use the model for the simulation of management reduction scenarios. In order to achieve this objective, three problems had to be solved. Firstly, information about the water transport, especially in the boundary canals, was poor. This problem was solved by the application of a wind driven water transport model using water levels in the boundary canals. Secondly, the lack of large-scale information about the TP loads from the surrounding polders was solved by an intensive monitoring program. Thirdly, knowledge about the distribution of TP in sediments and about TP exchange processes between water and sediments had to be assessed. The simulations with the dynamic TP mass balance model resulted in TP balances during three periods, showing that there were two main sources in the area: from the surrounding polders and from Lake IJssel. Moreover, management simulation scenarios showed that 75% TP concentration reductions in the external loads would be necessary to achieve the 0. 15 mg.l -1TP concentration standard and incidentally the 0.07 mg.l -1. target concentration
Effects of quantum space time foam in the neutrino sector
We discuss violations of CPT and quantum mechanics due to interactions of
neutrinos with space-time quantum foam. Neutrinoless double beta decay and
oscillations of neutrinos from astrophysical sources (supernovae, active
galactic nuclei) are analysed. It is found that the propagation distance is the
crucial quantity entering any bounds on EHNS parameters. Thus, while the bounds
from neutrinoless double beta decay are not significant, the data of the
supernova 1987a imply a bound being several orders of magnitude more stringent
than the ones known from the literature. Even more stringent limits may be
obtained from the investigation of neutrino oscillations from active galactic
nuclei sources, which have an impressive potential for the search of quantum
foam interactions in the neutrino sector.Comment: 5 page
Overview of the CLEF 2023 SimpleText Lab:Automatic Simplification of Scientific Texts
There is universal consensus on the importance of objective scientific information, yet the general public tends to avoid scientific literature due to access restrictions, its complex language or their lack of prior background knowledge. Academic text simplification promises to remove some of these barriers, by improving the accessibility of scientific text and promoting science literacy. This paper presents an overview of the CLEF 2023 SimpleText track addressing the challenges of text simplification approaches in the context of promoting scientific information access, by providing appropriate data and benchmarks, and creating a community of IR and NLP researchers working together to resolve one of the greatest challenges of today. The track provides a corpus of scientific literature abstracts and popular science requests. It features three tasks. First, content selection (what is in, or out?) challenges systems to select passages to include in a simplified summary in response to a query. Second, complexity spotting (what is unclear?) given a passage and a query, aims to rank terms/concepts that are required to be explained for understanding this passage (definitions, context, applications). Third, text simplification (rewrite this!) given a query, asks to simplify passages from scientific abstracts while preserving the main content.</p
Pre-Hawking Radiation from a Collapsing Shell
We investigate the effect of induced massive radiation given off during the
time of collapse of a massive spherically symmetric domain wall in the context
of the functional Schr\"odinger formalism. Here we find that the introduction
of mass suppresses the occupation number in the infrared regime of the induced
radiation during the collapse. The suppression factor is found to be given by
, which is in agreement with the expected Planckian distribution
of induced radiation. Thus a massive collapsing domain wall will radiate mostly
(if not exclusively) massless scalar fields, making it difficult for the domain
wall to shed any global quantum numbers and evaporate before the horizon is
formed.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. We updated the acknowledgments as well as added
a statement clarifying that we are following the methods first laid out in
Phys. Rev. D 76, 024005 (2007
Electroweak Baryogenesis and Standard Model CP Violation
We analyze the mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis proposed by Farrar and
Shaposhnikov in which the phase of the CKM mixing matrix is the only source of
violation. This mechanism is based on a phase separation of baryons via
the scattering of quasiparticles by the wall of an expanding bubble produced at
the electroweak phase transition. In agreement with the recent work of Gavela,
Hern\'andez, Orloff and P\`ene, we conclude that QCD damping effects reduce the
asymmetry produced to a negligible amount. We interpret the damping as quantum
decoherence. We compute the asymmetry analytically. Our analysis reflects the
observation that only a thin, outer layer of the bubble contributes to the
coherent scattering of the quasiparticles. The generality of our arguments
rules out any mechanism of electroweak baryogenesis that does not make use of a
new source of violation.Comment: 36 pages, in LaTeX, one LaTeX figure included, 5 others available
upon request, SLAC-PUB-647
A Reduction-Preserving Completion for Proving Confluence of Non-Terminating Term Rewriting Systems
We give a method to prove confluence of term rewriting systems that contain
non-terminating rewrite rules such as commutativity and associativity. Usually,
confluence of term rewriting systems containing such rules is proved by
treating them as equational term rewriting systems and considering E-critical
pairs and/or termination modulo E. In contrast, our method is based solely on
usual critical pairs and it also (partially) works even if the system is not
terminating modulo E. We first present confluence criteria for term rewriting
systems whose rewrite rules can be partitioned into a terminating part and a
possibly non-terminating part. We then give a reduction-preserving completion
procedure so that the applicability of the criteria is enhanced. In contrast to
the well-known Knuth-Bendix completion procedure which preserves the
equivalence relation of the system, our completion procedure preserves the
reduction relation of the system, by which confluence of the original system is
inferred from that of the completed system
Effect of reheating on electroweak baryogenesis
The latent heat released during the expansion of bubbles in the electroweak
phase transition reheats the plasma and causes the bubble growth to slow down.
This decrease of the bubble wall velocity affects the result of electroweak
baryogenesis. Since the efficiency of baryogenesis peaks for a wall velocity
, the resulting baryon asymmetry can either be enhanced or
suppressed, depending on the initial value of the wall velocity. We calculate
the evolution of the phase transition taking into account the release of latent
heat. We find that, although in the SM the baryon production is enhanced by
this effect, in the MSSM it causes a suppression to the final baryon asymmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. References added. Revised version to be published
in Phys.Rev.
SST-GATE: A dual mirror telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the world's first open
observatory for very high energy gamma-rays. Around a hundred telescopes of
different sizes will be used to detect the Cherenkov light that results from
gamma-ray induced air showers in the atmosphere. Amongst them, a large number
of Small Size Telescopes (SST), with a diameter of about 4 m, will assure an
unprecedented coverage of the high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum
(above ~1TeV to beyond 100 TeV) and will open up a new window on the
non-thermal sky. Several concepts for the SST design are currently being
investigated with the aim of combining a large field of view (~9 degrees) with
a good resolution of the shower images, as well as minimizing costs. These
include a Davies-Cotton configuration with a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode
(GAPD) based camera, as pioneered by FACT, and a novel and as yet untested
design based on the Schwarzschild-Couder configuration, which uses a secondary
mirror to reduce the plate-scale and to allow for a wide field of view with a
light-weight camera, e.g. using GAPDs or multi-anode photomultipliers. One
objective of the GATE (Gamma-ray Telescope Elements) programme is to build one
of the first Schwarzschild-Couder prototypes and to evaluate its performance.
The construction of the SST-GATE prototype on the campus of the Paris
Observatory in Meudon is under way. We report on the current status of the
project and provide details of the opto-mechanical design of the prototype, the
development of its control software, and simulations of its expected
performance.Comment: In Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference
(ICRC2013), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). All CTA contributions at arXiv:1307.223
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