Closing the Achievement Gap in Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities Utilizing the Resource Room as an Intervention

Students with learning disabilities are placed in general education classrooms in increasing numbers. Many of these students receive additional services in Resource Room programs taught by a special education teacher. The intent of this study was to determine if students with disabilities, who were struggling in mathematics, increased achievement utilizing Resource Room instruction as an intervention. Students in the study were in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades and performed at least one grade level below expectations for that grade in mathematics. All of the students had a specific learning disability. This study investigated the correlation, if any, between the amounts of time spent in the Resource Room and the number of students concurrently in the Resource Room with an increase in mathematics achievement. The achievement gap for students with disabilities remains steady and continues to foster much debate in the education community. Most of the research into this achievement gap has been directed at students with difficulties in reading; less interest has been shown into research for students with difficulties in mathematics. Mathematics is an important part of daily life, and the basic logic inherent in mathematics crosses over into other academic areas. Various interventions are used in elementary schools to assist students with learning disabilities who struggle in mathematics. However, the interventions have not been sufficiently studied to determine the effectiveness on achievement. This study serves as a catalyst for the study of Resource Room instruction as an intervention for students with disabilities and examines the resulting mathematics achievement

Police Ethics in Rural Contexts: A Left Realist Consequentialist View

This article presents crime survey data from the state of West Virginia in the United States showing that, controlling for structural conditions, community atmosphere is significantly related to crime, violence and many other social problems in rural places. These results help identify measurable and achievable progressive desired ends in rural policing, replacing law enforcement outputs (for example, arrests, gun and drug seizures) with safe, strong community outcomes as the summum bonum (i.e, ultimate outcome) of policing. Findings show that interdependent communities where police are partners with residents are the safest, while conflict communities where the police are viewed as adversaries are least safe. These results suggest a left realist consequentialist approach to police ethics to dismantle the hegemony of draconian policies and practices.

Postpartum Depression Among Low-Income Mothers of Color: A Womanist Perspective

The ideals of “good mothering” are constructed by various social policies and institutions. Many mothers from traditionally oppressed groups may find them difficult to achieve. The intersections of multiple forms of oppression create harsh circumstances for mothers from minority groups that can contribute to postpartum depression (PPD). Left untreated, PPD can have long-lasting negative effects on the mothers’ and their children’s well-being. Despite the growing research on PPD that finds striking disparities in prevalence by race, ethnicity, and socio-economic class, virtually all of the research has focused on mothers from privileged backgrounds and none has used a well-established theory to explain PPD among mothers from minority groups. To address this gap in the literature, this article uses Womanism as a theory to examine PPD among low-income mothers of color as a way to help sociologists and social workers take action to address PPD through theory, research, and practice

STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COBAMIDE COENZYMES

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73404/1/j.1749-6632.1964.tb45046.x.pd

SDSS-IV MANGA: Spatially Resolved Star Formation Main Sequence and LI(N)ER Sequence

We present our study on the spatially resolved H_alpha and M_star relation for 536 star-forming and 424 quiescent galaxies taken from the MaNGA survey. We show that the star formation rate surface density (Sigma_SFR), derived based on the H_alpha emissions, is strongly correlated with the M_star surface density (Sigma_star) on kpc scales for star- forming galaxies and can be directly connected to the global star-forming sequence. This suggests that the global main sequence may be a consequence of a more fundamental relation on small scales. On the other hand, our result suggests that about 20% of quiescent galaxies in our sample still have star formation activities in the outer region with lower SSFR than typical star-forming galaxies. Meanwhile, we also find a tight correlation between Sigma_H_alpha and Sigma_star for LI(N)ER regions, named the resolved "LI(N)ER" sequence, in quiescent galaxies, which is consistent with the scenario that LI(N)ER emissions are primarily powered by the hot, evolved stars as suggested in the literature.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. ApJ Letter accepte

Stellar population analysis of MaNGA early-type galaxies: IMF dependence and systematic effects

We study systematics associated with estimating simple stellar population (SSP) parameters -- age, metallicity [M/H], $\alpha$-enhancement [$\alpha$/Fe] and IMF shape -- and associated $M_*/L$ gradients, of elliptical slow rotators (E-SRs), fast rotators (E-FRs) and S0s from stacked spectra of galaxies in the MaNGA survey. These systematics arise from (i) how one normalizes the spectra when stacking; (ii) having to subtract emission before estimating absorption line strengths; (iii) the decision to fit the whole spectrum or just a few absorption lines; (iv) SSP model differences (e.g. isochrones, enrichment, IMF). The MILES+Padova SSP models, fit to the H$_\beta$, $\langle$Fe$\rangle$, TiO$_{\rm 2SDSS}$ and [MgFe] Lick indices in the stacks, indicate that out to the half-light radius $R_e$: (a) ages are younger and [$\alpha$/Fe] values are lower in the central regions but the opposite is true of [M/H]; (b) the IMF is more bottom-heavy in the center, but is close to Kroupa beyond about $R_e/2$; (c) this makes $M_*/L$ about $2\times$ larger in the central regions than beyond $R_e/2$. While the models of Conroy et al. (2018) return similar [M/H] and [$\alpha$/Fe] profiles, the age and (hence) $M_*/L$ profiles can differ significantly even for solar abundances and a Kroupa IMF; different responses to non-solar abundances and IMF parametrization further compound these differences. There are clear (model independent) differences between E-SRs, E-FRs and S0s: younger ages and less enhanced [$\alpha$/Fe] values suggest that E-FRs and S0s are not SSPs, but relaxing this assumption is unlikely to change their inferred $M_*/L$ gradients significantly.Comment: 22 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA