Метафоричність та інші стилістичні засоби персуазивності у текстах на екотематику (на матеріалі книги "Тиха весна" Р. Карсон)

Стаття присвячена виявленню і аналізу метафор та інших лінгвістичних засобів персуазивності в книзі Р. Карсон "Тиха весна", всесвітньо визнаного маніфесту екологічного руху. Були досліджені особливості організації дискурсивного простору тексту та засоби класичної аргументації, виявлені біблійні, літературні та культурні алюзії, розглянуті стилістичні фігури, що сприяють підвищенню рівня аргументативності тексту.Статья посвящена анализу метафор и других лингвистических средств персуазивности в книге Р. Карсон "Тихая весна", всемирно известного манифеста экологического движения. Были исследованы особенности организации дискурсивного пространства текста и средства классической аргументации, обнаружены библейские, литературные и культурные аллюзии, рассмотрены стилистические фигуры, способствующие повышению уровня аргументативности текста.The article deals with the analysis of metaphors and other linguistic means of persuasiveness in the book "Silent Spring" by R. Carson, known as the ecological movement manifest. The specific organization of the text's discursive space and the means of classical argumentation were investigated. The biblical, literary and cultural allusions were found. The stylistic figures aimed at the text's argumentativity were analyzed

Foraminiferal transition across the K-P boundary in the Gulf of Mexico and the Chicxulub crater

Abstrac

Формирование композиционных покрытий никель – бор – азот

The methods of X-ray analysis and electron microscopy have been used to study the structure of nitrogen-ion implanted electrochemical Ni–B coatings with the boron concentration of 8,14 and 20 at %. The implantation is shown to increase coating microhardness from 5,1-5,9 GPa to 10,8-11,7 GPa. The hardness increase of coatings is attributed to decrease of nickel boride particle size and formation of γ-BN

Paleoceanography and ice sheet variability offshore Wilkes Land, Antarctica – Part 3: Insights from Oligocene–Miocene TEX86-based sea surface temperature reconstructions

The volume of the Antarctic continental ice sheet(s) varied substantially during the Oligocene and Miocene ( 34–5 Ma) from smaller to substantially larger than today, both on million-year and on orbital timescales. However, reproduction through physical modeling of a dynamic response of the ice sheets to climate forcing remains problematic, suggesting the existence of complex feedback mechanisms between the cryosphere, ocean, and atmosphere systems. There is therefore an urgent need to improve the models for better predictions of these systems, including resulting potential future sea level change. To assess the interactions between the cryosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, knowledge of ancient sea surface conditions close to the Antarctic margin is essential. Here, we present a new TEX86- based sea surface water paleotemperature record measured on Oligocene sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1356, offshore Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. The new data are presented along with previously published Miocene temperatures from the same site. Together the data cover the interval between 34 and 11 Ma and encompasses two hiatuses. This record allows us to accurately reconstruct the magnitude of sea surface temperature (SST) variability and trends on both million-year and glacial–interglacial timescales.Julian D. Hartman, Francesca Sangiorgi, Henk Brinkhuis, and Peter K. Bijl acknowledge the NWO Netherlands Polar Program project number 866.10.110. Stefan Schouten was supported by the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Peter K. Bijl and Francien Peterse received funding through NWO-ALW VENI grant nos. 863.13.002 and 863.13.016, respectively. Carlota Escutia and Ariadna Salabarnada thank the Spanish Ministerio de Econimía y Competitividad for grant CTM2014-60451-C2-1-P. We thank Alexander Ebbing and Anja Bruls for GDGT sample preparation during their MSc research. This research used samples from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). IODP was sponsored by the US National Science Foundation and participating countries under management of Joined Oceanographic Institutions Inc

Southern ocean warming, sea level and hydrological change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

A brief (~150 kyr) period of widespread global average surface warming marks the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, ~56 million years ago. This so-called "Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum" (PETM) is associated with the massive injection of <sup>13</sup>C-depleted carbon, reflected in a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Biotic responses include a global abundance peak (acme) of the subtropical dinoflagellate <i>Apectodinium</i>. Here we identify the PETM in a marine sedimentary sequence deposited on the East Tasman Plateau at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1172 and show, based on the organic paleothermometer TEX<sub>86</sub>, that southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures increased from ~26 °C to ~33°C during the PETM. Such temperatures before, during and after the PETM are >10 °C warmer than predicted by paleoclimate model simulations for this latitude. In part, this discrepancy may be explained by potential seasonal biases in the TEX<sub>86</sub> proxy in polar oceans. Additionally, the data suggest that not only Arctic, but also Antarctic temperatures may be underestimated in simulations of ancient greenhouse climates by current generation fully coupled climate models. An early influx of abundant <i>Apectodinium</i> confirms that environmental change preceded the CIE on a global scale. Organic dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggest a local decrease in the amount of river run off reaching the core site during the PETM, possibly in concert with eustatic rise. Moreover, the assemblages suggest changes in seasonality of the regional hydrological system and storm activity. Finally, significant variation in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages during the PETM indicates that southwest Pacific climates varied significantly over time scales of 10<sup>3</sup> – 10<sup>4</sup> years during this event, a finding comparable to similar studies of PETM successions from the New Jersey Shelf

Sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery

Purpose The optimal sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in breast-conserving therapy is unknown. Methods and Materials From 1983 through 2007, a total of 641 patients with 653 instances of breast-conserving therapy (BCT), received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy and are the basis of this analysis. Patients were divided into three groups. Groups A and B comprised patients treated before 2005, Group A radiotherapy first and Group B chemotherapy first. Group C consisted of patients treated from 2005 onward, when we had a fixed sequence of radiotherapy first, followed by chemotherapy. Results Local control did not show any differences among the three groups. For distant metastasis, no difference was shown between Groups A and B. Group C, when compared with Group A, showed, on univariate and multivariate analyses, a significantly better distant metastasis–free survival. The same was noted for disease-free survival. With respect to disease-specific survival, no differences were shown on multivariate analysis among the three groups. Conclusion Radiotherapy, as an integral part of the primary treatment of BCT, should be administered first, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in the Gulf of Mexico: indicators of climate- and sea-level change during the onset of Antarctic glaciation

The Eocene – Oligocene Transition (EOT, ∼34–33.5 Ma) marks a major transition in Cenozoic climate evolution through the relatively rapid establishment of a continental-scale ice sheet on Antarctica. The EOT is characterized by two ∼200 kyr spaced shifts (termed EOT-1 and Oi-1) in the oxygen isotopic composition (σ18O) of benthic foraminifera, representing both changes in continental ice-volume and temperature. Estimates of the timing and magnitude of these changes during this critical phase in Earth’s climatic evolution are controversial. Here we present marine palynological assemblage data, in particular of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), across a classic upper Eocene to lower Oligocene neritic succession cored in Alabama, USA; the Saint Stephens Quarry (SSQ) borehole. These palynological data combined with lithological information allow the identification of three sequence boundaries across the EOT. Critically, we identify a sequence boundary at the level corresponding to the EOT-1. Integrated sea level and paleotemperature records show that EOT-1 primarily represents cooling with some minor and transient continental ice sheet expansion. Furthermore, we identify a significant hiatus, likely caused by major sea level fall at the base of Magnetochron C13 n that corresponds to the Oi-1 shift. This clarifies the σ18O records from SSQ that essentially lack the expected pronounced shift to positive σ18O values so characteristic for Oi-1. Furthermore, we document originations and extinctions of potentially temperature-sensitive dinocysts associated with the EOT-1. In contrast, the Oi-1 does not stand out as period of substantial dinoflagellate turnover. The combined results illustrate that major cooling, limited and transient ice growth and major biotic change were occurring before the full-size expansion of the Antarctic cryosphere

End-Triassic calcification crisis and blooms of organic-walled 'disaster species'

The Triassic–Jurassic (T–J) mass-extinction event is marked by isotope anomalies in organic (δ13Corg) and carbonate carbon (δ13Ccarb) reservoirs. These have been attributed to a (rapid) 4-fold rise in pCO2 as a result of massive flood basalt volcanism and/or methane hydrate dissociation. Here we examine the response of marine photosynthetic phytoplankton to the proposed perturbation in the carbon cycle. Our high-resolution micropalaeontological analysis of T–J boundary beds at St Audrie's Bay in Somerset, UK, provides evidence for a bio-calcification crisis that is characterized by (1) extinction and malformation in calcareous nannoplankton and (2) contemporaneous blooms of organic-walled, green algal 'disaster' species which comprise in one case > 70% of the total palynomorph fraction. Blooms of prasinophytes and acritarchs occur at the onset and in association with a prominent negative shift in δ13Corg values close to the first appearance of the Early Jurassic ammonite Psiloceras planorbis. Across the same interval we obtained palaeotemperature and palaeosalinity estimates from oyster low-Mg calcite based on Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and δ18O records. The results of our palynological and geochemical analyses strongly suggest that shallow marine basins in NW Europe during this period became salinity stratified, inducing anoxic conditions. The T–J boundary event shows similarities with the Permian–Triassic (P–T) mass-extinction event, which was also marked by extensive flood basalt volcanism, negative excursions in carbon isotope records, a bio-calcification crisis, the development of shallow-marine anoxia and mass abundances of acritarchs in the Early Triassic. This leads us to suggest that the proliferation of green algal phytoplankton may be symptomatic of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and oceans during mass-extinction events

Sedimentation and subsidence history of the Lomonosov Ridge

During the first scientific ocean drilling expedition to the Arctic Ocean (Arctic Coring Expedition [ACEX]; Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302), four sites were drilled and cored atop the central part of the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean at ~88°N, 140°E (see Fig. F18 in the "Sites M0001–M0004" chapter). The ridge was rifted from the Eurasian continental margin at ~57 Ma (Fig. F1) (Jokat et al., 1992, 1995). Since the rifting event and the concurrent tilting and erosion of this sliver of the outer continental margin, the Lomonosov Ridge subsided while hemipelagic and pelagic sediments were deposited above the angular rifting unconformity (see Fig. F7A in the "Sites M0001–M0004" chapter).The sections recovered from the four sites drilled during Expedition 302 can be correlated using their seismic signature, physical properties (porosity, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and P-wave velocity), chemostratigraphy (ammonia content of pore waters), lithostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy. The lithostratigraphy of the composite section combined with biostratigraphy provides an insight into the complex history of deposition, erosion, and preservation of the biogenic fraction. Eventually, the ridge subsided to its present water depth as it drifted from the Eurasian margin. In this chapter, we compare a simple model of subsidence history with the sedimentary record recovered from atop the ridge