263 research outputs found
Evidence for TeV gamma ray emission from Cassiopeia A
232 hours of data were accumulated from 1997 to 1999, using the HEGRA
Stereoscopic Cherenkov Telescope System to observe the supernova remnant
Cassiopeia A. TeV gamma ray emission was detected at the 5 sigma level, and a
flux of (5.8 +- 1.2(stat) +- 1.2(syst)) 10^(-9) ph m^(-2) s^(-1) above 1 TeV
was derived. The spectral distribution is consistent with a power law with a
differential spectral index of -2.5 +- 0.4(stat) +- 0.1(syst) between 1 and 10
TeV. As this is the first report of the detection of a TeV gamma ray source on
the "centi-Crab" scale, we present the analysis in some detail. Implications
for the acceleration of cosmic rays depend on the details of the source
modeling. We discuss some important aspects in this paper.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Observations of H1426+428 with HEGRA -- Observations in 2002 and reanalysis of 1999&2000 data
The HEGRA system of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes has been used to observe
the BL Lac object H1426+428 () for 217.5 hours in 2002. In this data
set alone, the source is detected at a confidence level of ,
confirming this object as a TeV source. The overall flux level during the
observations in 2002 is found to be a factor of lower than during
the previous observations by HEGRA in 1999&2000. A new spectral analysis has
been carried out, improving the signal-to-noise ratio at the expense of a
slightly increased systematic uncertainty and reducing the relative energy
resolution to over a wide range of energies. The new
method has also been applied to the previously published data set taken in 1999
and 2000, confirming the earlier claim of a flattening of the energy spectrum
between 1 and 5 TeV. The data set taken in 2002 shows again a signal at
energies above 1 TeV. We combine the energy spectra as determined by the CAT
and VERITAS groups with our reanalyzed result of the 1999&2000 data set and
apply a correction to account for effects of absorption of high energy photons
on extragalactic background light in the optical to mid infrared band. The
shape of the inferred source spectrum is mostly sensitive to the
characteristics of the extragalactic background light between wavelengths of 1
and 15~mComment: 12 pages, 4 Figures, submitted to A&
A study of Tycho's SNR at TeV energies with the HEGRA CT-System
Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR) was observed during 1997 and 1998 with the
HEGRA Cherenkov Telescope System in a search for gamma-ray emission at
energies above
~1 TeV. An analysis of these data, ~65 hours in total, resulted in no
evidence for TeV gamma-ray emission. The 3sigma upper limit to the gamma-ray
flux (>1 TeV) from Tycho is estimated at 5.78x10^{-13} photons cm^{-2} s^{-1},
or 33 milli-Crab. We interpret our upper limit within the framework of the
following scenarios:
(1) that the observed hard X-ray tail is due to synchrotron emission. A lower
limit on the magnetic field within Tycho may be estimated B>=22 microG,
assuming that the RXTE-detected
X-rays were due to synchrotron emission. However, using results from a
detailed model of the ASCA emission, a more conservative lower limit B>=6
microG is derived.
(2) the hadronic model of Drury, Aharonian & Voelk, and (3) the more recent
time-dependent kinetic theory of Berezhko & Voelk.
Our upper limit lies within the range of predicted values of both hadronic
models, according to uncertainties in physical parameters of Tycho, and shock
acceleration details. In the latter case, the model was scaled to suit the
parameters of Tycho and re-normalised to account for a simplification of the
original model.
We find that we cannot rule out Tycho as a potential contributor at an
average level to the Galactic cosmic-ray flux.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Correlated intense X-ray and TeV activity of Mrk~501 in 1998 June
We present exactly simultaneous X-ray and TeV monitoring with {\it RXTE} and
HEGRA of the TeV blazar Mrk 501 during 15 days in 1998 June. After an initial
period of very low flux at both wavelengths, the source underwent a remarkable
flare in the TeV and X-ray energy bands, lasting for about six days and with a
larger amplitude at TeV energies than in the X-ray band. At the peak of the TeV
flare, rapid TeV flux variability on sub-hour timescales is found. Large
spectral variations are observed at X-rays, with the 3--20 keV photon index of
a pure power law continuum flattening from to on a
timescale of 2--3 days. This implies that during the maximum of the TeV
activity, the synchrotron peak shifted to energies keV, a behavior
similar to that observed during the longer-lasting, more intense flare in 1997
April. The TeV spectrum during the flare is described by a power law with
photon index and an exponential cutoff at 4 TeV; an
indication for spectral softening during the flare decay is observed in the TeV
hardness ratios. Our results generally support a scenario where the TeV photons
are emitted via inverse Compton scattering of ambient seed photons by the same
electron population responsible for the synchrotron X-rays. The simultaneous
spectral energy distributions (SEDs) can be fit with a one-zone
synchrotron-self Compton model assuming a substantial increase of the magnetic
field and the electron energy by a factor of 3 and 10, respectively.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, Part
Prototyping of petalets for the Phase-II Upgrade of the silicon strip tracking detector of the ATLAS Experiment
In the high luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the HL-LHC, the
instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting
in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope
with the resultant increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the
ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner
Tracker (ITk). The ITk consists of a silicon pixel and a strip detector and
exploits the concept of modularity. Prototyping and testing of various strip
detector components has been carried out. This paper presents the developments
and results obtained with reduced-size structures equivalent to those foreseen
to be used in the forward region of the silicon strip detector. Referred to as
petalets, these structures are built around a composite sandwich with embedded
cooling pipes and electrical tapes for routing the signals and power. Detector
modules built using electronic flex boards and silicon strip sensors are glued
on both the front and back side surfaces of the carbon structure. Details are
given on the assembly, testing and evaluation of several petalets. Measurement
results of both mechanical and electrical quantities are shown. Moreover, an
outlook is given for improved prototyping plans for large structures.Comment: 22 pages for submission for Journal of Instrumentatio
TeV Gamma-ray Observations of the Crab and Mkn 501 during Moonshine and Twilight
TeV Gamma-ray signals from the Crab Nebula and Mkn 501 were detected with the
HEGRA CT1 imaging Cerenkov telescope during periods when the moon was shining
and during twilight. This was accomplished by lowering the high voltage supply
of the photomutipliers in fixed steps up to 13%. No other adjustments were made
and no filters were used. Laser runs could not establish any non-linearity in
the gain of the individual pixels, and the trigger rate was uniform over the
whole camera. The energy threshol was increased by up to a factor of two,
depending on the amount of HV reduction. In a series of observations lasting
11.7 hours, a signal with a 3.4 sigma significance was detected from the Crab.
During the 1997 multiple flare episode of Mkn 501 a 26 sigma combined excess
has been recorded during 134 hours of observations under various
moonshine/twilight conditions. The results show that this technique can easily
be adapted to increase the exposure of a source, which is important for sources
showing rapid time variability such as AGNs or GRBs. Observations can be made
up to ~20 deg. angular separation from the moon and until the moon is 85%
illuminated (ten to eleven days before and after new moon), as well as during
20 to 40 minutes during twilight, before the commencement of astronomical
darkness.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Astroparticle Physic
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