In-vitro demonstration of cell-mediated immunity to vaccinia virus in man

Cell mediated immunity to vaccinia virus in man was studied by lymphocyte transformation. Vaccinia antigen, propagated on BHK-21 and Vero cells, could be used successfully for in-vitro testing after partial purification as well as crude infectious homogenates. Vaccinia antigen preparations were effective both in the infective and the inactivated state. Inactivation was usually accompanied with a certain loss of stimulating activity. Development of cell mediated immune response in-vitro after first vaccination was investigated in 17 adults. Vaccinia virus specific lymphocyte transformation was seen in the second week after vaccination in all cases. Following revaccination no increase of lymphocyte transformation ratio could be observed in 11 persons studied. At the same time the titers of humoral antibodies were elevated

Measurement of volume transport of the Gulf Stream south of New England

During June 1966, nine velocity measurements were made with neutrally buoyant floats at a depth of about 2500 m along a section crossing the Gulf Stream near 38° N, 69°W. In combination with hydrographic stations bracketing each float trajectory, these measurements yielded a volume transport of 101 × 106 m3/sec for the Stream as of that time and locatio

Atomic force microscopy measurements of topography and friction on dotriacontane films adsorbed on a SiO2 surface

doi:10.1063/1.2060707 (8 pages)We report comprehensive atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements at room temperature of the nanoscale topography and lateral friction on the surface of thin solid films of an intermediate-length normal alkane, dotriacontane (n-C32H66), adsorbed onto a SiO2 surface. Our topographic and frictional images, recorded simultaneously in the contact mode, reveal a multilayer structure in which one to two layers of molecules adsorb adjacent to the SiO2 surface oriented with their long axis parallel to the interface followed by partial layers of molecules oriented perpendicular to the surface. The thicknesses of the parallel and perpendicular layers that we measured with the AFM agree with those inferred from previous x-ray specular reflectivity measurements on similarly prepared samples. We also observe bulk dotriacontane particles and, in contrast with our previous measurements, are able to determine their location. Above a minimum size, the bulk particles are separated from islands of perpendicularly oriented molecules by regions of exposed parallel layers that most likely extend underneath the particles. We find that the lateral friction is sensitive to the molecular orientation in the underlying crystalline film and can be used effectively with topographic measurements to resolve uncertainties in the film structure. We measure the same lateral friction on top of the bulk particles as on the perpendicular layers, a value that is about 2.5 times smaller than on a parallel layer. Scans on top of parallel layers indicate a constant height but reveal domains having different sublevels of friction. We explain this by the domains having different azimuthal orientations of the molecules.This work was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DMR-0109057 and DMR-0411748, by the Chilean government under FONDECYTGrant Nos. 1010548 and 7010548, and by the Fundacion Andes Grant No. C-13768

Untersuchung flüchtiger Inhaltsstoffe des Weinaromas: Beitrag zur Sortencharakterisierung von Riesling und Neuzüchtungen mit Riesling-Abstammung

Durch Anwendung der Korrelations- und Regressionsanalyse können aus der Vielzahl der Aromakomponenten des Weines einige wenige Komponenten (4 bis 6), ausgewählt werden, mit denen eine hochsignifikante analytische Trennung zwischen jeweils zwei Rebsorten möglich ist. Mit Hilfe der Diskriminanzanalyse können mit nur 15 Komponenten alle untersuchten Rebsorten (Riesling und die vom Riesling abstammenden Neuzüchtungen Müller-Thurgau, Scheurebe, Ehrenfelser, Kerner und Bacchus) trotz großer Variationsbreite des Probenmaterials (verschiedene Weinanbaugebiete, Jahrgänge, Reifegrade, unterschiedliche Weintechnologie, Kleingebinde, Großgebinde usw.) eindeutig voneinander abgetrennt werden. Diese analytische Sortendifferenzierung steht in Übereinstimmungmit der sensorischen Beurteilung: Ehrenfelser, Scheurebe und Bacchus sind wesentlich deutlicher vom Riesling zu unterscheiden als Müller-Thurgau und Kerner.Analysis of volatile aroma compounds of grapevine: Charcterization of Riesling and Riesling derived cultivarsBy means of regression analysis with the selection method of backward elimination of factors it was possible to find the right variables for the differentiation of some grapevine cultivars. Only 4 to 6 variables were necessary to achieve a highly significant separation between two varieties. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that 15 compounds allow the significant differentiation between Riesling and some of its descendants (Müller-Thurgau, Ehrenfelser, Kerner, Bacchus, Scheurebe) in spite of the great diversity of the investigated samples (e.g. different growing regions, vintages, degrees of maturity, technologies). In agreement with sensorial evaluation the analytical characterization distinguished the grape varieties Ehrenfelser, Scheurebe and Bacchus very clearly from Riesling while the varieties Müller-Thurgau and Kerner show a great similarity to Riesling

Effects of pallidal deep brain stimulation and levodopa treatment on reaction-time performance in Parkinson's disease

Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits play an important role in movement preparation and execution. Tracer, single-cell, and lesion studies in monkeys suggest the existence of topologically segregated motor and nonmotor basal ganglia cortical circuits. In this study we used deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteroventrolateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) in patients with Parkinson's disease to elucidate the function of the GPi in human sensorimotor behavior. This question was investigated by comparing the influence of DBS on patients' performance in various reaction-time tasks that differed with respect to cognitive but not motor requirements. As a main result, DBS improved performance on the different tasks independently of the complexity of the involved cognitive processing functions. Furthermore, the observed effects did not depend on the modality of the processed information. These results suggest that the functional state of the posteroventrolateral GPi selectively affects the motor stage in simple sensorimotor acts, because this stage was the only stage involved in all investigated tasks. In addition to DBS, we manipulated the levodopa medication state of the PD patients. In contrast to DBS, levodopa effects on reaction times were less consistent. Levodopa improved reaction times in choice reaction tasks significantly, while affecting reaction times in a simple reaction task to a lesser extent. Error analysis revealed that the medication-dependent reaction-time improvement in the choice reaction tasks was accompanied by an increase in errors, suggesting a shift of the speed-accuracy criteria of the patients. A similar pattern of results was not observed for the DBS effects. Taken together, our data are in agreement with recent findings in monkeys that indicate a topological organization of the GPi in which motor functions are localized in posterolateral regions apart from cognitive regions. Furthermore, our data show a way to uncover the subcortical-cortical circuitry serving human sensorimotor behavior

Where do graduates Develop their Enterprise Skills? The Value of the Contribution of Higher Education Institutions’ Context

This study investigates the value of the contribution of HEIs’ context in developing graduates enterprise skills. HEIs are under pressure to develop more enterprising graduates, particularly with the increasing numbers of graduates seeking employment and the growing dissatisfaction of employers. This study explores where graduates develop enterprise skills through investigating the impact of HE and employment contexts on their development. The paper draws on a qualitative study in the social constructionist paradigm within the pharmacy context, where interviews were conducted with pharmacy academics and employers. Results show that ability to demonstrate skills in one context does not necessarily mean ability to demonstrate them in another since the development and demonstration of enterprise skills is impacted by the contexts in which they are developed and demonstrated. The study adds value by highlighting the significant role of both HE and employment contexts in developing enterprise skills, while emphasising that these skills become more transferable through exposure to more contexts