High insecticidal activity of Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Col.: Chrysomelidae)

Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an important pest on solanaceous crops worldwide. CPB has developed resistance to insecticides used for its control. In this study, in order to find a more effective and safer biological control agent against L. decemlineata, we studied the bacterial flora of CPB, and tested them for insecticidal effects on it. The highest insecticidal effect determined on L. decemlineata within 5 days was 100% and this effect was exhibited by Ld1 isolate. According to the morphological, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA sequencehomologies, Ld1 was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata. This is the first time that this bacterium has been isolated from any insect pests. Our results indicate that Lecl. adecarboxylata may be valuable as a biological control agent for L. decemlineata

Optimization of wear loss in silicon nitride (Si3N4)–hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composite using DoE–Taguchi method

Introduction The contacting surfaces subjected to progressive loss of material known as ‘wear,’ which is unavoidable between contacting surfaces. Similar kind of phenomenon observed in the human body in various joints where sliding/rolling contact takes place in contacting parts, leading to loss of material. This is a serious issue related to replaced joint or artificial joint. Case description Out of the various material combinations proposed for artificial joint or joint replacement Si3N4 against Al2O3 is one of in ceramic on ceramic category. Minimizing the wear loss of Si3N4 is a prime requirement to avoid aseptic loosening of artificial joint and extending life of joint. Discussion and evaluation In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the wear loss behavior of Si3N4–hBN composite and evaluate the effect of hBN addition in Si3N4 to minimize the wear loss. DoE–Taguchi technique is used to plan and analyze experiments. Conclusion Analysis of experimental results proposes 15 N load and 8 % of hBN addition in Si3N4 is optimum to minimize wear loss against alumina

α1A-Adrenergic Receptor Induces Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 through Endocytic Pathway

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate mitogen-activated protein kinases through a number of distinct pathways in cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that endosomal signaling has an important role in receptor signal transduction. Here we investigated the involvement of endocytosis in α1A-adrenergic receptor (α1A-AR)-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Agonist-mediated endocytic traffic of α1A-AR was assessed by real-time imaging of living, stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293A cells (HEK-293A). α1A-AR was internalized dynamically in cells with agonist stimulation, and actin filaments regulated the initial trafficking of α1A-AR. α1A-AR-induced activation of ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK was sensitive to disruption of endocytosis, as demonstrated by 4°C chilling, dynamin mutation and treatment with cytochalasin D (actin depolymerizing agent). Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and C-Raf by α1A-AR was not affected by 4°C chilling or cytochalasin D treatment. U73122 (a phospholipase C [PLC] inhibitor) and Ro 31–8220 (a PKC inhibitor) inhibited α1B-AR- but not α1A-AR-induced ERK1/2 activation. These data suggest that the endocytic pathway is involved in α1A-AR-induced ERK1/2 activation, which is independent of Gq/PLC/PKC signaling

Wear of highly crosslinked polyethylene acetabular components: a review of RSA studies

Background and purpose - Wear rates of highly crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) acetabular components have varied considerably between different published studies. This variation is in part due to the different techniques used to measure wear and to the errors inherent in measuring the relatively low amounts of wear in XLPE bearings. We undertook a scoping review of studies that have examined the in vivo wear of XLPE acetabular components using the most sensitive method available, radiostereometric analysis (RSA). Methods - A systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was performed to identify published studies in which RSA was used to measure wear of XLPE components in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Results - 18 publications examined 12 primary THA cohorts, comprising only 260 THAs at 2-10 years of follow-up. The mean or median proximal wear rate reported ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 mm/year. However, differences in the manner in which wear was determined made it difficult to compare some studies. Furthermore, differences in RSA methodology between studies, such as the use of supine or standing radiographs and the use of beaded or unbeaded reference segments, may limit future meta-analyses examining the effect of patient and implant variables on wear rates. Interpretation - This scoping review confirmed the low wear rates of XLPE in THA, as measured by RSA. We make recommendations to enhance the standardization of reporting of RSA wear results, which will facilitate early identification of poorly performing implants and enable a better understanding of the effects of surgical and patient factors on wear.Stuart A Callary, Lucian B Solomon, Oksana T Holubowycz, David G Campbell, Zachary Munn, and Donald W Howi

Cytoplasmic TAF2-TAF8-TAF10 complex provides evidence for nuclear holo-TFIID assembly from preformed submodules

General transcription factor TFIID is a cornerstone of RNA polymerase II transcription initiation in eukaryotic cells. How human TFIID-a megadalton-sized multiprotein complex composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and 13 TBP-associated factors (TAFs)-assembles into a functional transcription factor is poorly understood. Here we describe a heterotrimeric TFIID subcomplex consisting of the TAF2, TAF8 and TAF10 proteins, which assembles in the cytoplasm. Using native mass spectrometry, we define the interactions between the TAFs and uncover a central role for TAF8 in nucleating the complex. X-ray crystallography reveals a non-canonical arrangement of the TAF8-TAF10 histone fold domains. TAF2 binds to multiple motifs within the TAF8 C-terminal region, and these interactions dictate TAF2 incorporation into a core-TFIID complex that exists in the nucleus. Our results provide evidence for a stepwise assembly pathway of nuclear holo-TFIID, regulated by nuclear import of preformed cytoplasmic submodules

Periprosthetic osteolysis after total hip replacement: molecular pathology and clinical management

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a serious complication of total hip replacement (THR) in the medium to long term. Although often asymptomatic, osteolysis can lead to prosthesis loosening and periprosthetic fracture. These complications cause significant morbidity and require complex revision surgery. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the cell and tissue response to particles produced by wear of the articular and non-articular surfaces of prostheses. We discuss the molecular and cellular regulators of osteoclast formation and bone resorptive activity, a better understanding of which may lead to pharmacological treatments for periprosthetic osteolysis. We describe the development of imaging techniques for the detection and measurement of osteolysis around THR prostheses, which enable improved clinical management of patients, provide a means of evaluating outcomes of non-surgical treatments for periprosthetic osteolysis, and assist in pre-operative planning for revision surgery. Finally, there have been advances in the materials used for bearing surfaces to minimise wear, and we review the literature regarding the performance of these new materials to date.Donald W. Howie, Susan D. Neale, David R. Haynes, Oksana T. Holubowycz, Margaret A. McGee, Lucian B. Solomon, Stuart A. Callary, Gerald J. Atkins, David M. Findla

Highly pathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis subp. tenebrionis from European shot-hole borer, Xyleborus dispar (Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Demirbag, Zihni/0000-0001-5487-1977; Nalcacioglu, Remziye/0000-0003-0527-9541WOS: 000255184300008The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biopesticide. In this study, to find and identify the more toxic B. thuringiensis strains against coleopteran pests, we isolated a B. thuringiensis strain (Xd3) from European shot-hole borer, Xyleborus dispar (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a higly damaging pest of hazelnut. Based on various morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, the bacterial isolate was identified as B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (naorrisoni) serovar H8a8b. This isolate was compared with the reference strains by scanning electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE analysis, cry gene content, and insecticidal activity. Isolate Xd3 forms a flat-square inclusion containing a protein component of c. 70 kDa. PCR analysis showed that the Xd3 has a cry gene, cry3. Toxicity tests were performed against coleopteran species. One hundred percent mortality was observed against larvae of Agelastica alni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The others were 90% for Amphimallon solstitiale (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Our results indicate that B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Xd3) may be valuable as biological control agent for coleopteran insects

Construction and Characterization of a Recombinant Invertebrate Iridovirus

Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), officially named Insect iridescent virus 6 (IIV6), is the type species of the genus Iridovirus (family Iridoviridae). In this paper we constructed a recombinant CIV, encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This recombinant can be used to investigate viral replication dynamics. We showed that homologous recombination is a valid method to make CIV gene knockouts and to insert foreign genes. The CIV 157L gene, putatively encoding a non-functional inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), was chosen as target for foreign gene insertion. The gfp open reading frame preceded by the viral mcp promoter was inserted into the 157L locus by homologous recombination in Anthonomus grandis BRL-AG-3A cells. Recombinant virus (rCIV-¿157L-gfp) was purified by successive rounds of plaque purification. All plaques produced by the purified recombinant virus emitted green fluorescence due to the presence of GFP. One-step growth curves for recombinant and wild-type CIV were similar and the recombinant was fully infectious in vivo. Hence, CIV157L can be inactivated without altering the replication kinetics of the virus. Consequently, the CIV 157L locus can be used as a site for insertion of foreign DNA, e.g. to modify viral properties for insect biocontrol