987 research outputs found
Time evolution of the reaction front in a subdiffusive system
Using the quasistatic approximation, we show that in a subdiffusion--reaction
system the reaction front evolves in time according to the formula
, with being the subdiffusion parameter. The
result is derived for the system where the subdiffusion coefficients of
reactants differ from each other. It includes the case of one static reactant.
As an application of our results, we compare the time evolution of reaction
front extracted from experimental data with the theoretical formula and we find
that the transport process of organic acid particles in the tooth enamel is
subdiffusive.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure
Processing of CP-Ti by high-pressure torsion and the effect of surface modification using a post-HPT laser treatment
Commercial purity titanium (CP-Ti) was processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) with various numbers of turns (N = 1, 10 and 20). The hardness of the CP-Ti increased with an increasing number of HPT turns due to grain refinement. Tensile testing showed that the HPT-processed 10 turns sample had low ductility and high strength but the ductility may be improved through post-HPT short-term annealing at carefully selected temperatures. Some HPT-processed samples were laser surface-treated with different laser powers and scanning speeds. The surface roughness of the laser-textured samples increased with increasing laser power and led to a lower contact angle which signifies an increased hydrophilicity. After a holding time of 13 days, the samples underwent a hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transformation as the contact angle increased to as much as 129 degree. It is concluded that laser surface texture processes are capable of controlling the hydrophilic / hydrophobic properties of ultra-fine grained CP-Ti
A Measurement of Photon Production in Electron Avalanches in CF4
This paper presents a measurement of the ratio of photon to electron
production and the scintillation spectrum in a popular gas for time pro jection
chambers, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), over the range of 200 to 800 nm; the
ratio is measured to be 0.34+/-0.04. This result is of particular importance
for a new generation of dark matter time projection chambers with directional
sensitivity which use CF4 as a fill gas.Comment: 19 pages, including appendix. 8 figure
Eco-design as a normative element of Environmental Management Systemsβthe context of the revised ISO 14001:2015
Economic policy: genesis and changes before the period of formation of developed industrial capital
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΅Ρ
Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ,
Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅.
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π²
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.The purpose of the article is to study the genesis, essence and specifics of economic policy from the period of its origination
in pre-market societies to the period of its significant changes in the process of industrial capital formation, as well as to analyze the
features and functions of economic policy through the prism of different schools of economic theory. The main thing in the article
is the evolutionary method of research, supplemented by the methods of the analyzed schools of economic theory β descriptive,
analytical and dialectical methods. The conducted research allows us to conclude that economic policy arises and develops as
a reaction on the part of the state to the development of the market, and the stages of evolution of economic policy that we have
identified reflect the corresponding periods of its development. In pre-market societies, the main thing was the state policy, which
set the task of reproducing people in a certain class structure, by reproducing their inequality. The main features of state policy are
noted, such as: orientation towards the reproduction of a certain class structure, finding new ways of subordinating some people
to others. In the process of market development and industrialization, industrial capital is being formed and new approaches
to economic policy are being developed. In this context, it is noted that deindustrialization in the course of market reforms in
Ukraine had direct and inverse links with economic policy. The theoretical provisions of the article make it possible to develop
practical recommendations for improving economic policy and economic practice in modern Ukraine, in particular, this concerns
the problems of industrial capital development and reindustrialization
Understanding the interactions of cellulose fibres and deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and urea
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Verlag via the DOI in this record.A deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and urea has been recently introduced as a promising cellulose compatible medium that enables e.g. fibre spinning. This paper clarifies the influence of such a solvent system on the structure and chemical composition of the cellulosic pulp fibres. Special emphasis was placed on the probable alterations of the chemical composition due to the dissolution of the fibre components and/or due to the chemical derivatisation taking place during the DES treatment. Possible changes in fibre morphology were studied with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical compositions of pulp fibres were determined from the carbohydrate content, and by analysing the elemental content. Detailed structural characterisation of the fibres was carried out using spectroscopic methods; namely X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Raman Spectroscopy. No changes with respect to fibre morphology were revealed and negligible changes in the carbohydrate composition were noted. The most significant change was related to the nitrogen content of the pulp after the DES treatment. Comprehensive examination using spectroscopic methods revealed that the nitrogen originated from strongly bound ChCl residuals that could not be removed with a mild ethanol washing procedure. According to Raman spectroscopic data and methylene blue adsorption tests, the cationic groups of ChCl seems to be attached to the anionic groups of pulp by electrostatic forces. These findings will facilitate the efficient utilisation of DES as a cellulose compatible medium without significantly affecting the native fibre structure.The authors acknowledge the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation (TEKES) for funding the work via Design Driven Value Chains in the World of Cellulose 2.0 project. The Academy of Finland (Project ID 300367) is acknowledged for enabling the research mobility of T.T. to the University of Exeter, UK. Unto Tapper (VTT) is thanked for the SEM imaging, Atte Mikkelson, Ritva Heinonen and Marita Ikonen (VTT) for the chemical analysis and Robertus Nugroho (Aalto University) for the AFM imaging
Dynamics and Critical Behaviour of the q-model
The -model, a random walk model rich in behaviour and applications, is
investigated. We introduce and motivate the -model via its application
proposed by Coppersmith {\em et al.} to the flow of stress through granular
matter at rest. For a special value of its parameters the -model has a
critical point that we analyse. To characterise the critical point we imagine
that a uniform load has been applied to the top of the granular medium and we
study the evolution with depth of fluctuations in the distribution of load.
Close to the critical point explicit calculation reveals that the evolution of
load exhibits scaling behaviour analogous to thermodynamic critical phenomena.
The critical behaviour is remarkably tractable: the harvest of analytic results
includes scaling functions that describe the evolution of the variance of the
load distribution close to the critical point and of the entire load
distribution right at the critical point, values of the associated critical
exponents, and determination of the upper critical dimension. These results are
of intrinsic interest as a tractable example of a random critical point. Of the
many applications of the q-model, the critical behaviour is particularly
relevant to network models of river basins, as we briefly discuss. Finally we
discuss circumstances under which quantum network models that describe the
surface electronic states of a quantum Hall multilayer can be mapped onto the
classical -model. For mesoscopic multilayers of finite circumference the
mapping fails; instead a mapping to a ferromagnetic supersymmetric spin chain
has proved fruitful. We discuss aspects of the superspin mapping and give a new
elementary derivation of it making use of operator rather than functional
methods.Comment: 34 pages, Revtex, typo correcte
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