Le patrimoine géologique et géomorphologique dans le contexte d’un Géoparc. Méthodologie d’inventaire et valorisation patrimoniale

La région Tadla-Azilal (Maroc) riche d’un patrimoine géologique et géomorphologique a été classée en Géoparc M’Goun par l’UNESCO en 2014. Ce patrimoine géologique et géomorphologique, complété par des sites de valeur écologique, archéologique, historique ou autres, est le témoin de l’histoire de la Terre et de la vie ainsi que de l’évolution des paysages (géotopes). Ce patrimoine naturel est associé aussi à un patrimoine culturel diversifié, matériel et immatériel Si ces paysages géomorphologiques et géologiques sont caractérisés par des valeurs géoécologiques intrinsèques, c’est aussi leur perception et représentation qui leur donne une valeur esthétique, mais aussi culturelle, religieuse, historique et économique. Les méthodes d’inventaire et d’évaluation de ce patrimoine s’appuient sur des critères de valeur des géotopes (5). Après sélection des aspects des paysages à identifier, connaitre et sauvegarder, on définit leur valeur intrinsèque et classe hiérarchiquement chaque élément. La valeur géoscientifique est la plus importante. Un paysage géomorphologique et géologique en recèle des traces liées à l’histoire géologique et paléogéographique, tectonique et géomorphologique à différents pas de temps. S’y ajoutent des valeurs additionnelles : Les valeurs écologique, esthétique ou scénique à travers sa « beauté » ou son caractère spectaculaire, symbolique conférant une valeur culturelle, religieuse et/ou historique (vestiges archéologiques…). Enfin, le géotope peut être une ressource économique avec l’activité touristique ou extractive. Ces méthodes développées en Europe doivent être adaptées aux contextes sociaux, économiques et culturels spécifiques marocain, ne serait-ce que parce que ce patrimoine est plus ou moins approprié par les acteurs de ces territoires et car sa valorisation géotouristique est prévue avec le Géoparc. Il s’agit aussi de rendre compte de l\u27importance des interactions entre ces acteurs et leur environnement, de leur perception de ce patrimoine, et de leur rôle dans l’évolution des paysages associés à ces structures géologiques et géomorphologiques et dans la construction social

Nicotinic receptors

Regulation of normal or abnormal behaviour is critically controlled by the central serotonergic systems. Recent evidence has suggested that serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission dysfunction contributes to a variety of pathological conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disorders. There is also a great amount of evidence indicating that 5-HT signalling may affect the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse by the interaction and modulation of dopamine (DA) function. This chapter is focused on one of the more addictive drugs, nicotine. It is widely recognised that the effects of nicotine are strongly associated with the stimulatory action it exhibits on mesolimbic DAergic function. We outline the role of 5-HT and its plethora of receptors, focusing on 5-HT2 subtypes with relation to their involvement in the neurobiology of nicotine addiction. We also explore the novel pharmacological approaches using 5-HT agents for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Compelling evidence shows that 5-HT2C receptor agonists may be possible therapeutic targets for smoking cessation, although further investigation is required.peer-reviewe

Evaluation des Activities Analgesique et Antipyretique de Punica granatum

Le grenadier (Punica granatum L.) est une plante largement utilisée dans de nombreuses médecines traditionnelles. Le but de ce travail était d’évaluer et de comparer les propriétés analgésiques et antipyrétiques de l’extrait méthanolique de deux variétés de grenades: Amrouz (MoEA) et Sefri (MoES). Le test de contorsions et le test de la plaque chauffante ont été choisis comme deux modèles de la douleur, le test de la fièvre induitepar la levure a fait office de test antipyrétique. Les résultats ont révélés que les deux extraits ont réduit significativement la fièvre induite aux doses de 50 et 100 mg/kg (i.p.), de plus, ils ont inhibés significativement la sensibilité nociceptive dans le test de contorsions. Les pourcentages d’inhibition de la douleur étaient de 44% pour MoEA (100 mg/kg, p < 0,01) et de 20% pour MoES (100 mg/kg, p < 0,01).MoEA et MoES ont également réduit la sensibilité au stimulus thermique dans le test de la plaque chauffante. L’effet de MoEA a toujours été significativement plus important que celui de MoES. D’après les résultats, MoEA et MoES posséderaient un potentiel antipyrétique et antalgique intéressant.Mots cles: Punica granatum L., pelure de fruit, extrait méthanolique, antipyrétique, analgésiqu

Geomorphology and geomorphological heritage of the Ifrane-Azrou region (Middle Atlas, Morocco)

Geomorphological heritage is a widely used term in European and North-American countries, but is still scarcely mentioned in Africa. Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the African countries is often intimately connected to its breathtaking and endless geological landscapes. Morocco is one of those countries that has the widest diversity in landscapes and landforms, ranging from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts over the Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain chains to the great rocky and sandy deserts in the South. A wide variety of geological units hosting different types of important economic mineral deposits cover a temporal range from Late Precambrian to Quaternary. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the region of Ifrane and Azrou (Middle Atlas, Central Morocco) using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 40 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), fluvial landforms (meanders, canyons, palaeo-valleys, etc.), structural landforms (triangular facets, hogbacks, cuestas, residual outcrops, etc.) and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units. © Springer-Verlag 200

Anti-malarial activity of traditional Kampo medicine Coptis rhizome extract and its major active compounds

BACKGROUND: Herbal medicine has been a rich source of new drugs exemplified by quinine and artemisinin. In this study, a variety of Japanese traditional herbal medicine (\u27Kampo\u27) were examined for their potential anti-malarial activities. METHODS: A comprehensive screening methods were designed to identify novel anti-malarial drugs from a library of Kampo herbal extracts (n?=?120) and related compounds (n?=?96). The anti-malarial activity was initially evaluated in vitro against chloroquine/mefloquine-sensitive (3D7) and-resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The cytotoxicity was also evaluated using primary adult mouse brain cells. After being selected through the first in vitro assay, positive extracts and compounds were examined for possible in vivo anti-malarial activity. RESULTS: Out of 120 herbal extracts, Coptis rhizome showed the highest anti-malarial activity (IC50 1.9 μg/mL of 3D7 and 4.85 μg/mL of Dd2) with a high selectivity index (SI)?>?263 (3D7) and?>?103 (Dd2). Three major chlorinated compounds (coptisine, berberine, and palmatine) related to Coptis rhizome also showed anti-malarial activities with IC50 1.1, 2.6, and 6.0 μM (against 3D7) and 3.1, 6.3, and 11.8 μM (against Dd2), respectively. Among them, coptisine chloride exhibited the highest anti-malarial activity (IC50 1.1 μM against 3D7 and 3.1 μM against Dd2) with SI of 37.8 and 13.2, respectively. Finally, the herbal extract of Coptis rhizome and its major active compound coptisine chloride exhibited significant anti-malarial activity in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17X strain with respect to its activity on parasite suppression consistently from day 3 to day 7 post-challenge. The effect ranged from 50.38 to 72.13% (P?<?0.05) for Coptis rhizome and from 81 to 89% (P?<?0.01) for coptisine chloride. CONCLUSION: Coptis rhizome and its major active compound coptisine chloride showed promising anti-malarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and -resistant (Dd2) strains in vitro as well as in vivo mouse malaria model. Thus, Kampo herbal medicine is a potential natural resource for novel anti-malarial agents

Comparison of the Reinforcing Properties of Nicotine and Cigarette Smoke Extract in Rats

Tobacco dependence is difficult to treat, with the vast majority of those who try to quit relapsing within the first year. Improvements in smoking cessation therapies may be achieved by improving current preclinical research methods. However, most experimental tests in animals use nicotine alone, ignoring the 8000 other constituents found in tobacco smoke. To improve on this model, we have used self-administration to test the reinforcing properties of aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in rats, made by bubbling cigarette smoke through a saline solution. CSE is more potent than nicotine alone in both the acquisition and maintenance of self-administration, but did not exhibit higher progressive ratio responding. Mecamylamine and varenicline had similar potencies to block nicotine and CSE self-administration, indicating the involvement of nicotinic receptors in CSE reinforcement. Following extinction of responding, reinstatement was triggered by exposing animals to a pharmacological stressor, yohimbine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), alone and in combination with cues. Animals that self-administered CSE were significantly more sensitive to stress-induced reinstatement than those that self-administered nicotine. Ligand binding autoradiography studies showed nicotine and CSE to have similar affinities for different nicotinic receptor types. CSE significantly reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activities in vitro, whereas nicotine did not. Although CSE inhibition of MAO-A activity in vitro was found to be partially irreversible, irreversible inhibition was not observed in vivo. These experiments show that CSE is an effective reinforcer acting via nicotinic receptors. Furthermore, it better models MAO inhibition and is more sensitive to stress-induced reinstatement than nicotine alone, which is a potent trigger for relapse in smokers