Statistics of the structure components in S0s: implications for bar induced secular evolution

The fractions and dimension of bars, rings and lenses are studied in the Near-IR S0 galaxy Survey (NIRS0S). We find evidence that multiple lenses in some barred S0s are related to bar resonances in a similar manner as the inner and outer rings, for which the outer/inner length ratio 2. Inner lenses in the non-barred galaxies normalized to galaxy diameter are clearly smaller than those in the barred systems. Interestingly, these small lenses in the non-barred galaxies have similar sizes as barlenses (lens-like structures embedded in a bar), and therefore might actually be barlenses in former barred galaxies, in which the outer, more elongated bar component, has been destroyed. We also find that fully developed inner lenses are on average a factor 1.3 larger than bars, whereas inner rings have similar sizes as bars. The fraction of inner lenses is found to be constant in all family classes (A, AB, B). Nuclear bars appear most frequently among the weakly barred (AB) galaxies, which is consistent with the theoretical models by Maciejewski & Athanassoula (2008). Similar sized bars as the nuclear bars were detected in seven 'non-barred' S0s. Galaxy luminosity does not uniquely define the sizes of bars or bar-related structures, neither is there any upper limit in galaxy luminosity for bar formation. Although all the family classes cover the same range of galaxy luminosity, the non-barred (A) galaxies are on average 0.6 mag brighter than the strongly barred (B) systems. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that bars play an important role in the formation of the structure components of galaxies. The fact that multiple lenses are common in S0s, and that at least the inner lenses can have very old stellar populations, implies that the last destructive merger, or major gas accretion event, must have taken place at a fairly high redshift.Comment: 36 pages (include 13 figures, 11 tables). Accepted to MNRAS 2013 Jan 2

Signatures of quenching in dwarf galaxies in local galaxy clusters

The transformation of late-type galaxies has been suggested as the origin of early-type dwarf galaxies in galaxy clusters. Venhola et al. analysed correlations between colour and surface brightness for galaxies in the Fornax cluster binned by luminosity or stellar mass. In the bins with $M_\star<10^8 {\rm M}_\odot$, the authors identified a correlation of redness with fainter surface brightness and interpreted it as a consequence of the quenching of star formation by ram pressure stripping in the dwarf galaxies. We carry out a corresponding analysis for the Virgo cluster and find great similarities in these correlations between surface brightness and colour for the two clusters, despite expected differences in the strength of the ram pressure. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to a wider range of optical colours for both clusters and contrast the results with expectations for fading and reddening stellar populations. Overall the slopes of the surface brightness-colour relations are consistent with these models. In addition the sizes of the early- and late-type galaxies at these low masses are comparable. These two results are compatible with a transformation scenario. However, when analysing early- and late-type galaxies separately, the consistency of the slope of the surface brightness-colour relations with the model expectations for fading and reddening stellar population applies only to the late types. The lack of this imprint for the early-type dwarfs calls for some additional explanation, for which we discuss several possibilities. Finally, the Virgo cluster is an atypical cluster with a low fraction of quiescent early-type galaxies at all galaxy masses despite its large cluster mass. (abridged)Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Fabrication tolerant and broadband polarization splitter and rotator based on a taper-etched directional coupler.

We propose a fabrication tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform based on the mode-coupling mechanism. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a taper-etched waveguide. Compared to previously reported PSRs based on directional couplers which are sensitive to fabrication variations, the partially etched taper structure can compensate for fabrication inaccuracies. In addition, the taper-etched geometry breaks both the horizontal and vertical symmetries of the waveguide, introducing an additional degree of design freedom to accommodate different upper cladding layers. The proposed PSR can be readily integrated in a planar waveguide circuit using e.g. SiO(2) cladding, making it compatible with typical metal back-end-of-line processes. Our simulation results show that the PSR has a low TM-to-TE polarization conversion loss of -0.09 dB in the C-band (or a conversion efficiency of 98%). A low TE-to-TE through insertion loss (-0.07 dB) and a very low polarization crosstalk (-30 dB) over a wide wavelength range exceeding 160 nm with a large fabrication tolerance (50 nm) are numerically demonstrated

Infection Prevention and the Protective Effects of Unidirectional Displacement Flow Ventilation in the Turbulent Spaces of the Operating Room

Background: Unidirectional displacement flow (UDF) ventilation systems in operating rooms are characterized by a uniformity of velocity 80% and protect patients and operating room personnel against exposure to hazardous substances. However, the air below the surgical lights and in the surrounding zone is turbulent, which impairs the ventilation system’s effect. Aim: We first used the recovery time (RT) as specified in International Organization for Standardization 14644 to determine the particle reduction capacity in the turbulent spaces of an operating room with a UDF system. Methods: The uniformity of velocity was analyzed by comfort-level probe grid measurements in the protected area below a hemispherical closed-shaped and a semi-open column-shaped surgical light (tilt angles: 0/15/30) and in the surrounding zone of a research operating room. Thereafter, RTs were calculated. Results: At a supply air volume of 10,500 m3/h, the velocity, reported as average uniformity+standard deviation, was uniform in the protected area without lights (95.8% + 1.7%), but locally turbulent below the hemispherical closedshaped (69.3% + 14.6%), the semi-open column-shaped light (66.9% + 10.9%), and in the surrounding zone (51.5%+17.6%). The RTs ranged between 1.1 and 1.7 min below the lights and 3.5+0.28 min in the surrounding zone and depended exponentially on the volume flow rate. Conclusions: Compared to an RT of 20 min as required for operating rooms with mixed dilution flow, particles here were eliminated 12–18 times more quickly from below the surgical lights and 5.7 times from the surrounding zone. Thus, the effect of the lights was negligible and the UDF’s retained its strong protective effect

Stellar Kinematics and Structural Properties of Virgo Cluster Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies from the SMAKCED Project. I. Kinematically Decoupled Cores and Implications for Infallen Groups in Clusters

We present evidence for kinematically decoupled cores (KDCs) in two dwarf early-type (dE) galaxies in the Virgo cluster, VCC 1183 and VCC 1453, studied as part of the SMAKCED stellar absorption-line spectroscopy and imaging survey. These KDCs have radii of 1.8'' (0.14 kpc) and 4.2'' (0.33 kpc), respectively. Each of these KDCs is distinct from the main body of its host galaxy in two ways: (1) inverted sense of rotation; and (2) younger (and possibly more metal-rich) stellar population. The observed stellar population differences are probably associated with the KDC, although we cannot rule out the possibility of intrinsic radial gradients in the host galaxy. We describe a statistical analysis method to detect, quantify the significance of, and characterize KDCs in long-slit rotation curve data. We apply this method to the two dE galaxies presented in this paper and to five other dEs for which KDCs have been reported in the literature. Among these seven dEs, there are four significant KDC detections, two marginal KDC detections, and one dE with an unusual central kinematic anomaly that may be an asymmetric KDC.The frequency of occurence of KDCs and their properties provide important constraints on the formation history of their host galaxies. We discuss different formation scenarios for these KDCs in cluster environments and find that dwarf-dwarf wet mergers or gas accretion can explain the properties of these KDCs. Both of these mechanisms require that the progenitor had a close companion with a low relative velocity. This suggests that KDCs were formed in galaxy pairs residing in a poor group environment or in isolation whose subsequent infall into the cluster quenched star formation.Comment: 14 pages, accepted for publication in Ap

Meaning‐based coping, chronic conditions and quality of life in advanced cancer & caregiving

ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between the number of co‐existing health problems (patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions) and quality of life (QOL) among patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers and assessed the mediating and moderating role of meaning‐based coping on that relationship.MethodsData came from patients with advanced cancers (breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate) and their family caregivers (N = 484 dyads). Study hypotheses were examined with structural equation modeling using the actor‐partner interdependence mediation model. Bootstrapping and model constraints were used to test indirect effects suggested by the mediation models. An interaction term was added to the standard actor‐partner interdependence model to test for moderation effects.ResultsMore patient comorbidities were associated with lower patient QOL. More caregiver chronic conditions were associated with lower patient and caregiver QOL. Patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions had a negative influence on caregiver meaning‐based coping but no significant influence on patient meaning based coping. Caregiver meaning‐based coping mediated relationships between patient comorbidities and caregiver health conditions and patient and caregiver QOL. No significant moderating effects were observed.ConclusionsDespite the severity of advanced cancer for patients and caregivers, the co‐existing health problems of one member of the dyad have the potential to directly or indirectly affect the wellbeing of the other. Future research should consider how the number of patient comorbidities and caregiver chronic conditions, as well as the ability of patients and caregivers to manage those conditions, influences their meaning‐based coping and wellbeing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138410/1/pon4146_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138410/2/pon4146.pd

The influence of dyadic symptom distress on threat appraisals and self-efficacy in advanced cancer and caregiving

Physical and psychological symptoms experienced by patients with advanced cancer influence their wellbeing; how patient and family caregivers' symptom distress influence each other's wellbeing is less understood. This study examined the influence of patient and caregiver symptom distress on their threat appraisals and self-efficacy to cope with cancer

The sensitivity of harassment to orbit: Mass loss from early-type dwarfs in galaxy clusters

We conduct a comprehensive numerical study of the orbital dependence of harassment on early-type dwarfs consisting of 168 different orbits within a realistic, Virgo-like cluster, varying in eccentricity and pericentre distance. We find harassment is only effective at stripping stars or truncating their stellar discs for orbits that enter deep into the cluster core. Comparing to the orbital distribution in cosmological simulations, we find that the majority of the orbits (more than three quarters) result in no stellar mass loss. We also study the effects on the radial profiles of the globular cluster systems of early-type dwarfs. We find these are significantly altered only if harassment is very strong. This suggests that perhaps most early-type dwarfs in clusters such as Virgo have not suffered any tidal stripping of stars or globular clusters due to harassment, as these components are safely embedded deep within their dark matter halo. We demonstrate that this result is actually consistent with an earlier study of harassment of dwarf galaxies, despite the apparent contradiction. Those few dwarf models that do suffer stellar stripping are found out to the virial radius of the cluster at redshift = 0, which mixes them in with less strongly harassed galaxies. However when placed on phase-space diagrams, strongly harassed galaxies are found offset to lower velocities compared to weakly harassed galaxies. This remains true in a cosmological simulation, even when haloes have a wide range of masses and concentrations. Thus phase-space diagrams may be a useful tool for determining the relative likelihood that galaxies have been strongly or weakly harassed