The Code of Banking Practice : a good time and place to formally start recognizing consumer chargeback rights in South Africa

The Code of Banking Practice of South Africa should be used to put a duty on banks to assist their clients in the event of chargebacks. This text takes a pragmatic look at the code, the contracts between clients and banks, and tests a few cases against the paid vs delivered concept behind SAMOS.Mini-dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.Mercantile LawLLMUnrestricte

Insights on the economic estimates of the climate costs of the aviation sector due to air management in 2018-19

Air navigation service providers ensure that aircrafts keep safely apart by prescribing vertical and horizontal distances to each other. In the European Union and its associated members, regulation is carried out via a performance scheme which measures and sets targets for the different key performance areas. For the environmental area, targets in terms of CO2 and other pollutants were set by assuming that there would be continuous improvements for the Key performance Environment indicator based on actual trajectory. However, although a higher Horizontal Flight Efficiency (HFE) measurement usually means a more direct flight trajectory, this does not necessarily translate into a climate optimal trajectory. Thus, vertical flight efficiency also needs to be considered. There is also an interdependency between airspace and Air Traffic Management Capacity and Environment: when the offered capacity falls short of the demand for flights, ground delays, holdings and traffic shifts to adjacent areas occur. This entails detours and a deterioration of the HFE-indicator. Results show that total climate costs for 2018 and 2019 may be as high as 1 bn EUR, of which about 34% is due to CO2 emissions. In particular, the climate costs of CO2 emissions due to capacity constraints range from 54 to 301 million EUR, depending on whether CO2 costs are measured in terms of avoidance costs or under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Following the first criterion and the short to medium run up to 2030, the estimated costs would amount to 112 million EUR. In the long run, from 2040 to 2060, these costs would amount to 301 Million EUR. With the estimates of the EU ETS, the cost by 2030 would be close to 54 million EUR and 153.5 million EUR for the long run. Volatility of carbon pricing may play a very significant role, but fortunately can be hedged. Therefore, a shortfall of capacity leads to delay costs and considerable environmental costs. As capacity is planned in the medium to long-term, traffic forecasts are a crucial element. This means that further research is warranted into the interdependency of traffic forecasts, capacity and environmental costs. © 2021 Publicaciones Dyna Sl. All rights reserved.This research is supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 programme and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation MDM-2017-0714. Further support is provided by the project MINECO RTI 2018-093352-B-I00

Alterações estruturais de Cr-beidelita tratada até 1350 °C em atmosferas de oxigênio ou nitrogênio

Beidellite clay mineral after intercalation of OH-Cr(III) species were thermally analyzed up to 1350 °C in oxygen and nitrogenatmospheres. OH-Cr-beidellite can be used as a pillared clay precursor for catalysis or as adsorbent applications. However, inthis paper beidellite enriched in chromium were analyzed at different thermal treatments up to high temperature for evaluatingstructural changes for possible future ceramic applications. The structural changes were followed by thermal analysis and X-raydiffraction. The thermal treatment of OH-Cr-beidellite in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres developed different mineralogicalphases up to 1050 °C, but at higher temperatures, the same phases were developed in both atmosphere treatments. Eskolaitephase (Cr2O3) appeared in the sample after heating at 400 °C in oxygen atmosphere, whereas grimaldite (CrO-OH) in nitrogenatmosphere, maintaining the starting phases. At 1000 °C the raw clay minerals disappeared, as it is knew. At 1050 °C in nitrogenatmosphere, grimaldite was absent and eskolaite appeared. At 1350 °C in the samples calcined in both atmospheres, quartz,cristobalite and mullite as the main phases and in lower contents aluminum oxide and aluminum-chromium oxide [(Al,Cr)2O3]were present.O mineral de argila de beidelita após intercalação das espécies OH-Cr(III) foi termicamente analisado até 1350 °C em atmosferas de oxigénio e nitrogênio. A OH-Cr-beidelita pode ser utilizada como um precursor de argila pilarizada para catálise ou para aplicações adsorventes. No entanto, neste trabalho, a beidelita enriquecida em cromo foi analisada em diferentes tratamentos térmicos até alta temperatura para avaliação de mudanças estruturais para possíveis aplicações cerâmicas futuras. As alterações estruturais foram acompanhadas por análise térmica e difração de raios X. O tratamento térmico da OH-Cr-beidelita em atmosferas de oxigênio e nitrogênio desenvolveu diferentes fases mineralógicas até 1050 °C, mas em temperaturas mais altas, as mesmas fases foram desenvolvidas em ambas atmosferas. A fase eskolaita (Cr2 O3 ) apareceu na amostra após aquecimento a 400 °C em atmosfera de oxigênio, enquanto grimaldita (CrO-OH) em atmosfera de nitrogênio, mantendo as fases iniciais. Em 1000 °C, os minerais originais da argila desapareceram, como é conhecido. Em 1050 °C em atmosfera de nitrogênio, a grimaldita estava ausente e apareceu eskolaita. Em amostras calcinadas a 1350 °C em ambas as atmosferas, estavam presentes quartzo, cristobolita e mulita como fases principais e em menores teores óxido de alumínio e óxido de alumínio e cromo [(Al,Cr)2 O3 ].Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámic

Adrenal response of male rats exposed to prenatal stress and early postnatal stimulation

Stress in pregnant rats caused by chronic immobilization alters the pattern of secretion of corticosterone and modifies the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) of the fetus. Early postnatal handling, however, may reverse the effects of increased secretion of corticosterone. We investigated the effects of prenatal stress and postnatal handling on the activity of the HPA axis of male offspring of stressed female rats. Male 90-day-old rats from four groups were investigated: prenatally stressed animals without postnatal handling, prenatally stressed animals with postnatal handling, unstressed control animals with postnatal handling, and unstressed control animals without postnatal handling. After sacrifice, the adrenal glands were weighed to determine the adrenal-somatic index. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay and active caspase-3 expression. We found that the adrenal gland cortex:medulla ratio increased in animals with prenatal stress and that eventually the stress caused apoptosis. Handling newborns to simulate maternal activity ameliorated some of the negative effects of prenatal stress.Fil: Liaudat, Ana Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, N.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Chen, S.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Romanini, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vivas, A.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Rolando, A.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Gauna, H.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Mayer, N.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; Argentin

Unacylated ghrelin promotes adipogenesis in rodent bone marrow via ghrelin O-acyl transferase and GHS-R1a activity: evidence for target cell-induced acylation

Despite being unable to activate the cognate ghrelin receptor (GHS-R), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) possesses a unique activity spectrum that includes promoting bone marrow adipogenesis. Since a receptor mediating this action has not been identified, we re-appraised the potential interaction of UAG with GHS-R in the regulation of bone marrow adiposity. Surprisingly, the adipogenic effects of intra-bone marrow (ibm)-infused acylated ghrelin (AG) and UAG were abolished in male GHS-R-null mice. Gas chromatography showed that isolated tibial marrow adipocytes contain the medium-chain fatty acids utilised in the acylation of UAG, including octanoic acid. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy revealed that tibial marrow adipocytes show prominent expression of the UAG-activating enzyme ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT), which is located in the membranes of lipid trafficking vesicles and in the plasma membrane. Finally, the adipogenic effect of ibm-infused UAG was completely abolished in GOAT-KO mice. Thus, the adipogenic action of exogenous UAG in tibial marrow is dependent upon acylation by GOAT and activation of GHS-R. This suggests that UAG is subject to target cell-mediated activation – a novel mechanism for manipulating hormone activity

Cryptic Haploid Stages in the Life Cycle of Leathesia marina (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) Under In Vitro Culture

We evaluated the life cycle of Leathesia marina through molecular analyses, culture studies, morphological observations, and ploidy measurements. Macroscopic sporophytes were collected from two localities in Atlantic Patagonia and were cultured under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Molecular identification of the microscopic and macroscopic phases was performed through the cox3 and rbcL genes and the phylogeny was assessed on the basis of single gene and concatenated datasets. Nuclear ploidy of each phase was estimated from the DNA contents of individual nuclei through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Molecular results confirmed the identity of the Argentinian specimens as L. marina and revealed their conspecificity with L. marina from New Zealand, Germany, and Japan. The sporophytic macrothalli (2n) released mitospores from plurilocular sporangia, which developed into globular microthalli (2n), morphologically similar to the sporophytes but not in size, constituting a generation of small diploid thalli, with a mean fluorescent nuclei cross-sectional area of 3.21 ± 0.7 μm2. The unilocular sporangia released meiospores that developed two morphologically different types of microthalli: erect branched microthalli (n) with a nuclear area of 1.48 ± 0.07 µm2 that reproduces asexually, and prostrate branched microthalli (n) with a nuclear area of 1.24 ± 0.10 µm2 that reproduces sexually. The prostrate microthalli released gametes in LD conditions, which merged and produced macroscopic thalli with a nuclear cross-sectional area of 3.45 ± 0.09 µm2. Flow cytometry confirmed that the erect and prostrate microthalli were haploid and that the globular microthalli and macrothalli were diploid.Fil: Poza, Ailen Melisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Santiañez, Wilfred John E.. Hokkaido University; Japón. University of the Philippines Diliman; FilipinasFil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Gauna, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Kogame, Kazuhiro. Hokkaido University; JapónFil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentin

Variación de parámetros corporales y reproductivos en vaquillas suplementadas con semillas de algodón y soja en el chaco argentino

El presente estudio es parte de un proyecto encauzado a lograr el adelanto de la edad reproductiva de las vaquillas de reposición mediante el mejoramiento de su alimentación. Noventa vaquillas de 180 kg de peso vivo fueron mantenidas sobre pastura natural, distribuidas en tres lotes de 30 ejemplares cada uno (10 Braford + 10 Brangus + 10 cruza Limusin). Cada lote fue sometido durante su primer y segundo invierno (126 y 131 días respectivamente), a distintas estrategias alimentarias. El lote SS fue suplementado con semillas de soja (2,60 kg/animal/día), el lote SA recibió semillas de algodón (2,40 kg/animal/día) y lote CT operó como control sin suplementación. Mensualmente se efectuaron pesajes y mediciones morfométricas a todos los animales. Al final de cada período de suplementación invernal, 19 vaquillas de cada lote fueron exploradas ginecológicamente con un ecógrafo. Bajo diseños aleatorizados y medidas repetidas, los resultados fueron analizados con el software Statistica 2002. Durante el primer invierno, las ganancias finales de peso fueron de 17 y 23 kg para SA y SS respectivamente, en tanto que CT registró una pérdida de 5,36 kg. En el segundo invierno fueron de 35 y 40,5 kg para SA y SS, mientras que el lote CT perdió 9,63 kg. Durante el primer invierno la ganancia diaria de peso/animal fue de 0,33 g en SA, 0,34 g en SS y -0,22 g en CT (p = 0,0001); en el segundo fueron de 0,28; 0,31 y -0,10 g respectivamente. Al final, la condición corporal fue más alta en SA y SS (4,15 y 4,23), significativamente distinta (p=0,0001) de CT (3,83). El diámetro torácico y la altura a la cadera no fueron influenciados significativamente. Las dimensiones de ovarios y útero fueron mayores en SA y SS que en CT (p<0,05). Se concluye que la suplementación con semillas oleaginosas mejoró las ganancias de peso, condición corporal y desarrollo genital de las vaquillas

Latin American Thyroid Society Recommendations For The Management Of Thyroid Nodules [recomendações Da Sociedade Latino-americana De Tireoide No Manejo De Nódulos Tireoideos]

Several guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancer have recently been published. However, recommended practices are not always appropriate to different settings or countries. The aim of this consensus was to develop Clinical Guidelines for evaluation and management of patients with thyroid nodules applicable to Latin American countries. The panel was composed by 13 members of the Latin American Thyroid Society involved with research and management of thyroid nodules and cancer from different medical centers in Latin America. The consensus was produced based on the expert opinion of the panel with use of principles of evidence-based medicine. Following a group meeting, a first draft based on the expert opinion of the panel was elaborated and later circulated among panel members for further revision. After revision, this document was submitted to all LATS members for commentaries and considerations and finally revised and refined by the authors. The final recommendations represent state of the art on management of thyroid nodules applied to all Latin American countries. © ABE&M todos os direitos reservados.53911671175Villena, J., Pretell, E., Bocio nodular tóxico en pacientes de zonas yodo deficientes y de la costa (1991) Rev Méd Hered, 2 (4), pp. 149-155Villena, J., Ferrufino, J.C., Klinge, G., Nódulo tireoideo frio. Características clínicas y anatomopatológicas en pacientes migrantes de zonas con deficiencia de yodo y de la costa (1993) Rev Méd Hered, 4 (4), pp. 188-193Harach, H.R., Ceballos, G.A., Thyroid cancer, thyroiditis and dietary iodine: A review based on the Salta, Argentina model (2008) Endocr Pathol, 19 (4), pp. 209-220Pretell, E.A., Delange, F., Hostalek, U., Corigliano, S., Barreda, L., Higa, A.M., Iodine nutrition improves in Latin America (2004) Thyroid, 14 (8), pp. 595-604Harach, H.R., Franssila, K.O., Wasenius, V.M., Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A "normal" finding in Finland. A systematic autopsy study (1985) Cancer, 56 (3), pp. 531-538Rosai, J., Livolsi, V.A., Sobrinho-Simoes, M., Williams, E.D., Renaming papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: The Porto proposal (2003) Int J Surg Pathol, 11 (4), pp. 249-251Hay, I.D., Grant, C.S., van Heerden, J.A., Goellner, J.R., Ebersold, J.R., Bergstralh, E.J., Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A study of 535 cases observed in a 50-year period (1992) Surgery, 112 (6), pp. 1139-1146Jukkola, A., Bloigu, R., Ebeling, T., Salmela, P., Blanco, G., Prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid carcinomas and their implications for current staging classifications (2004) Endocr Relat Cancer, 11 (3), pp. 571-579Passler, C., Scheuba, C., Prager, G., Kaczirek, K., Kaserer, K., Zettinig, G., Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: Differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region (2004) Endocr Relat Cancer, 11 (1), pp. 131-139Rossi, R., Roti, E., Trasforini, G., Pansini, G., Cavazzini, L., Zatelli, M.C., Differentiated thyroid cancers 11-20 mm in diameter have clinical and histopathologic characteristics suggesting higher aggressiveness than those ≤ 10 mm (2008) Thyroid, 18 (3), pp. 309-315Curtis, R.E., Rowlings, P.A., Deeg, H.J., Shriner, D.A., Socie, G., Travis, L.B., Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation (1997) N Engl J Med, 336 (13), pp. 897-904Sippel, R.S., Caron, N.R., Clark, O.H., An evidence-based approach to familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer: Screening, clinical management, and follow-up (2007) World J Surg, 31 (5), pp. 924-933Pacini, F., Pinchera, A., Giani, C., Grasso, L., Doveri, F., Baschieri, L., Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders (1980) J Endocrinol Invest, 3 (3), pp. 283-292Niccoli, P., Wion-Barbot, N., Caron, P., Henry, J.F., de Micco, C., Saint Andre, J.P., Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: Study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (2), pp. 338-341Gagel, R.F., Hoff, A.O., Cote, G.J., Medullary thyroid carcinoma (2005) Werner and Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, pp. 967-988. , In: Lewis E, Robert D, Sidney H, Sidney C, (Eds)., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and WilkinsPapini, E., Guglielmi, R., Bianchini, A., Crescenzi, A., Taccogna, S., Nardi, F., Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: Predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (5), pp. 1941-1946Camargo, R.Y., Tomimori, E.K., Knobel, M., Medeiros-Neto, G., Preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules: Role of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytology (2007) Clinics, 62 (4), pp. 411-418Kang, H.W., No, J.H., Chung, J.H., Min, Y.K., Lee, M.S., Lee, M.K., Prevalence, clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid incidentalomas (2004) Thyroid, 14 (1), pp. 29-33Shimura, H., Haraguchi, K., Hiejima, Y., Fukunari, N., Fujimoto, Y., Katagiri, M., Distinct diagnostic criteria for ultrasonographic examination of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A multicenter study (2005) Thyroid, 15 (3), pp. 251-258Cappelli, C., Castellano, M., Pirola, I., Cumetti, D., Agosti, B., Gandossi, E., The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules (2007) Qjm, 100 (1), pp. 29-35Holden, A., The role of colour and duplex Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of thyroid nodules (1995) Australas Radiol, 39 (4), pp. 343-349Papini, E., Guglielmi, R., Bianchini, A., Crescenzi, A., Taccogna, S., Nardi, F., Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: Predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (5), pp. 1941-1946Chammas, M.C., Gerhard, R., de Oliveira, I.R., Widman, A., de Barros, N., Durazzo, M., Thyroid nodules: Evaluation with power Doppler and duplex Doppler ultrasound (2005) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 132 (6), pp. 874-882Frates, M.C., Benson, C.B., Doubilet, P.M., Cibas, E.S., Marqusee, E., Can color Doppler sonography aid in the prediction of malignancy of thyroid nodules? (2003) J Ultrasound Med, 22 (2), pp. 127-131Rago, T., Vitti, P., Chiovato, L., Mazzeo, S., de Liperi, A., Miccoli, P., Role of conventional ultrasonography and color flow-doppler sonography in predicting malignancy in 'cold' thyroid nodules (1998) Eur J Endocrinol, 138 (1), pp. 41-46Lyshchik, A., Moses, R., Barnes, S.L., Higashi, T., Asato, R., Miga, M.I., Quantitative analysis of tumor vascularity in benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules (2007) J Ultrasound Med, 26 (6), pp. 837-846Tamsel, S., Demirpolat, G., Erdogan, M., Nart, D., Karadeniz, M., Uluer, H., Power Doppler US patterns of vascularity and spectral Doppler US parameters in predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules (2007) Clin Radiol, 62 (3), pp. 245-251Pacini, F., Burroni, L., Ciuoli, C., di Cairano, G., Guarino, E., Management of thyroid nodules: A clinicopathological, evidence-based approach (2004) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 31 (10), pp. 1443-1449Kim, T.Y., Kim, W.B., Ryu, J.S., Gong, G., Hong, S.J., Shong YK. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: High prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma (2005) Laryngoscope, 115 (6), pp. 1074-1078Danese, D., Sciacchitano, S., Farsetti, A., Andreoli, M., Pontecorvi, A., Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules (1998) Thyroid, 8 (1), pp. 15-21de la Serna Saravia, C., Cuellar, F., Accuracy of aspiration cytology in thyroid cancer: A study in 1 institution (2006) Acta Cytol, 50 (4), pp. 384-387Giorgadze, T., Rossi, E.D., Fadda, G., Gupta, P.K., Livolsi, V.A., Baloch, Z., Does the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of "Hurthle-cell neoplasm/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features" denote increased risk of malignancy? 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