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Correction: Violence Affects Physical and Mental Health Differently: The General Population Based Tromsø Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136588.]

Violence affects physical and mental health differently: the general population based Tromsø study

This general population-based study examined associations between violence and mental health, musculoskeletal pain, and early disability pension. The prevalence and consequences of good vs. poor adjustment (resilience vs vulnerability) following encounters with violence were also examined. Data were based on the sixth wave of the “Tromsø Study” (N=12,981; 65.7% response rate, 53.4% women, M-age=57.5 years, SD-age=12.7 years). Self-reported data on psychological (threats) and physical violence (beaten/kicked), mental health (anxiety/depression), musculoskeletal pain (MSP), and granting of disability pension (DP) were collected. Men suffered more violent events during childhood than women did, and vice versa during adulthood. Psychological violence implied poorer mental health and slightly more MSP than physical violence. The risk of MSP was highest for violence occurring during childhood in women and during the last year for men. A dose-response relationship between an increasing number of violent encounters and poorer health was observed. About 58% of individuals reported no negative impact of violence (hence, resilience group), whereas 42% considered themselves as more vulnerable following encounters with violence. Regression analyses indicated comparable mental health but slightly more MSP in the resilience group compared to the unexposed group, whereas the vulnerable group had significantly worse health overall and a higher risk of early granting of DP. Resilience is not an all-or-nothing matter, as physical ailments may characterize individuals adapting well following encounters with violence

Regression Analysis Examining the Relationship Between Adaptation Status, Mental Distress and Severe Musculoskeletal Pain.

<p><i>Notes</i>. The HSCL-10 (Hopkins Symptom Check List) variable was log transformed.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < .05,</p><p>** <i>p</i> < .01</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < .001.</p><p>β = Standardized linear beta-weight, OR = Odds-ratio (Poisson regression), <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = adjusted <i>R</i>-square.</p><p>¹ Fully adjusted model with the following covariates included (columns adj β/adj OR): age, BMI, BMI², marital status, educational status, occupation, socio-economy, physical activity, alcohol use (frequency and amount).</p><p>Regression Analysis Examining the Relationship Between Adaptation Status, Mental Distress and Severe Musculoskeletal Pain.</p

Regression Analyses with Mental Distress (HSCL-10) and Number of Severe Musculoskeletal Pain Sites (MSP) as Outcome.

<p><i>Notes</i>. The HSCL-10 was log transformed.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < .05,</p><p>** <i>p</i> < .01</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < .001.</p><p>β = Standardized linear beta-weight, OR = Odds-ratio (Poisson regression) with unexposed as reference. The crude and adj β columns represent the coefficients at the first and final blocks, respectively.</p><p>¹ The fully adjusted model (columns adj β/adj OR) included the following covariates: age, BMI, BMI², marital status, educational status, occupation, socio-economy, physical activity, alcohol use (frequency and amount). <i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = adjusted <i>R</i>-square (explained variance).</p><p>Regression Analyses with Mental Distress (HSCL-10) and Number of Severe Musculoskeletal Pain Sites (MSP) as Outcome.</p

Characteristics of the Study Cohort.

<p><i>Notes</i>. <i>t</i> = Student t-tests for continuous variables, and χ² = chi-square tests for dichotomous variables.</p><p>*<i>p</i> < .05,</p><p>**<i>p</i> < .01</p><p>***<i>p</i> < .001.</p><p>Characteristics of the Study Cohort.</p

Exposure to Violence During Childhood, Adulthood and Last Year.

<p><i>Notes</i>. The number of cases is given in parentheses.</p><p>***<i>p</i> < .001.</p><p>Exposure to Violence During Childhood, Adulthood and Last Year.</p

Adaption Status and Disability Pensions.

<p><i>Notes</i>.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < .05,</p><p>** <i>p</i> < .01</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < .001.</p><p>OR = Odds-ratio.</p><p>¹ Fully adjusted model with the following covariates included (column adj OR): age, BMI, BMI², marital status, educational status, socio-economy, physical activity, alcohol use (frequency and amount).</p><p>Adaption Status and Disability Pensions.</p