La primera guerra federal centroamericana, 1826-1829. Nación y estados, republicanismo y violencia

Arturo Taracena Arriola (ed.), La primera guerra federal centroamericana, 1826-1829. Nación y estados, republicanismo y violencia. Guatemala, Editorial Cara Parens de la UniversidadRafael Landívar, 2015, 230 pp

Search for the Heliospheric Termination Shock (TS) and Heliosheath (HS)

Voyager 1 continues to measure the very distant Heliospheric Magnetic Field (HMF) beyond 95 AU at ~35 North latitude. The MAG instrument data covers more than a full 22 years solar magnetic cycle. The magnitude of the observed HMF is well described, on average, by Parker's Archimedean spiral structure if due account is made for time variations of the source field strength and solar wind velocity. The V1 magnetic field observations do not provide any evidence for a field increase associated with entry into a subsonic solar wind region, such as the heliosheath is expected to be, nor an exit from this regime. We see no evidence for crossing of the Termination Shock (TS) as has been reported at ~85 AU by the LECP instrument. Merged Interaction Regions are identified by an increased HMF and associated decreases in the flux of >70 MeV/nuc cosmic rays which are then followed by a flux recovery. This CR-B relationship has been identified in V1 data and studied since 1982 when V1 was at 11 AU. The variance of HMF, a direct measure of the energy**1/2 in the HMF fluctuations, shows no significant changes associated with the alleged TS crossings in 2002–2003. Thus, the absence of any HMF increase at the entry into the heliosheath appears not to be due to the onset of mesoscale turbulence as proposed by Fisk. The TS has yet to be directly observed in-situ by the V1 MAG experiment in data through 2003

Herbage Production, Nitrogen Fixation and Condensed Tannin Concentrations in \u3cem\u3eLotus glaber\u3c/em\u3e Mill. Germplasm

Lotus glaber (Lg) grows on clay, sandy and medium textured soils in central Chile (32º to 38º S). The diversity of environments where the species grows naturally supports the hypothesis that genetic variability would be found. The objectives of the experiment were to characterise accessions of Lg collected in the region for dry matter (DM) production, comparative capacity to fix atmospheric N and condensed tannins (CT) in Lg grown on clay soils used for cropping rice

A simple plasma diagnostic based on processing the electrical signals from coaxial discharges

A technique for the determination of the inductance evolution in coaxial discharges based on measurements of the voltage between the electrodes and of the discharge current time derivative is presented and discussed. The technique is applied to measurements performed in a 5.7 kJ plasma focus device operating with deuterium filling in the 1–6 mbar range (which is the neutron yield range) and the obtained results are in good agreement with the expected evolution of a current sheet within the electrodes system.Fil: Bruzzone, Horacio Abel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Acuña, H.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Barbaglia, Mario Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Clausse, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Probing upper thermospheric neutral densities at Mars using electron reflectometry

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95666/1/grl20594.pd

The exceptional Costa Rica: a centennial in uncertain times

Este ensayo describe y explica los festejos del centenario de la independencia en Costa Rica realizados en 1921, en el contexto de esa celebración por todos los Estados centroamericanos. Describe el ceremonial cívico y religioso en que fueron realizados e identifica sus actores principales. Señala el contexto local, una crisis política y económica, regional, un fracasado intento de reconstrucción de la unión centroamericana, e internacional, el ascenso de Estados Unidos como potencia global y regional. Señala su significado ideológico cuyo eje fue la promoción del carácter excepcional de Costa Rica como Estado y como nación, frente a los otros países centroamericanos. Sin embargo, señala también que la celebración de la diferencia costarricense en el centenario estuvo marcada por dudas de fondo sobre la posibilidad de preservar esa condición excepcional, en el contexto de las secuelas de la Primera Guerra Mundial y de la inestabilidad y crisis que el país arrastraba de 1917, por una crisis económica y fiscal, una dictadura, una guerra con Panamá y un mayor sometimiento a Estados Unidos.This essay addresses the festivities of Costa Rican centennial independence in 1921, in the context of this celebration by the whole of Central American states. Describes its civilian and religious rituals and identifies its main social and political actors. It deals with the context of the festivities, local, the Costa Rican economic and political crisis since 1914, regional, the failed attempt to reconstruct the Central American union, and international, the rise of the United States as a global and regional power. Its points out its ideological stakes, i.e., promoting the long-standing idea of Costa Rica as an exceptional country among the Central American states. Nevertheless, the Costa Rican centennial independence celebration was marred by the doubt of the continuity of its exceptionalism, after an economic and political crisis and the deepening of its asymmetrical relationship with the United States

Seasonal expression of apospory in bahiagrass

This paper was presented at the 22nd International Grassland Congress, Sydney, Australia, 15−19 September 2013. Its publication in Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales is the result of a co-publication agreement with the IGC 2013 Organizing Committee. Except for adjustments to the journal’s style and format, the text is essentially the same as that published in: Michalk LD; Millar GD; Badgery WB; Broadfoot KM, eds. 2013. Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain our Communities. Proceedings of the 22nd International Grassland Congress, Sydney, Australia, 2013. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia. p. 258–259.Fil: Rios, Esteban Fernando. University Of Florida; Estados Unidos de América; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (i); Argentina;Fil: Blount, Ann. University Of Florida; Estados Unidos de América;Fil: Kenworthy, Kevin E.. University Of Florida; Estados Unidos de América;Fil: Acuña, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (i); Argentina;Fil: Quesenberry, Kenneth H.. University Of Florida; Estados Unidos de América

A Comprehensive View of the 2006 December 13 CME: From the Sun to Interplanetary Space

The biggest halo coronal mass ejection (CME) since the Halloween storm in 2003, which occurred on 2006 December 13, is studied in terms of its solar source and heliospheric consequences. The CME is accompanied by an X3.4 flare, EUV dimmings and coronal waves. It generated significant space weather effects such as an interplanetary shock, radio bursts, major solar energetic particle (SEP) events, and a magnetic cloud (MC) detected by a fleet of spacecraft including STEREO, ACE, Wind and Ulysses. Reconstruction of the MC with the Grad-Shafranov (GS) method yields an axis orientation oblique to the flare ribbons. Observations of the SEP intensities and anisotropies show that the particles can be trapped, deflected and reaccelerated by the large-scale transient structures. The CME-driven shock is observed at both the Earth and Ulysses when they are separated by 74$^{\circ}$ in latitude and 117$^{\circ}$ in longitude, the largest shock extent ever detected. The ejecta seems missed at Ulysses. The shock arrival time at Ulysses is well predicted by an MHD model which can propagate the 1 AU data outward. The CME/shock is tracked remarkably well from the Sun all the way to Ulysses by coronagraph images, type II frequency drift, in situ measurements and the MHD model. These results reveal a technique which combines MHD propagation of the solar wind and type II emissions to predict the shock arrival time at the Earth, a significant advance for space weather forecasting especially when in situ data are available from the Solar Orbiter and Sentinels.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures. 2008, ApJ, in pres