1,073 research outputs found
Extracellular Vesicles:Novel Opportunities to Understand and Detect Neoplastic Diseases
With a size range from 30 to 1000 nm, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the smallest cell components able to transport biologically active molecules. They mediate intercellular communications and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In particular, EVs actively contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and there is emerging understanding of their role in creation of the metastatic niche. This fact underlies the recent exponential growth in EV research, which has improved our understanding of their specific roles in disease and their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. EVs and their biomolecular cargo reflect the state of the diseased donor cells, and can be detected in body fluids and exploited as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Relatively few studies have been published on EVs in the veterinary field. This review provides an overview of the features and biology of EVs as well as recent developments in EV research including techniques for isolation and analysis, and will address the way in which the EVs released by diseased tissues can be studied and exploited in the field of veterinary pathology. Uniquely, this review emphasizes the important contribution that pathologists can make to the field of EV research: pathologists can help EV scientists in studying and confirming the role of EVs and their molecular cargo in diseased tissues and as biomarkers in liquid biopsies
Пленум Наукової ради«Українська мова» Українська лексикографія та лексикологія: проблеми, завдання
10–11 листопада 2011року у Ніжинському державному університеты імені Миколи Гоголя відбувся Пленум Наукової ради “Українська мова” Інституту української мови НАН України на тему “Українська лексикографія та лексикологія: проблеми, завдання”
Pathways to ensure universal and affordable access to hepatitis C treatment
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically changed
the landscape of hepatitis C treatment and prevention. The World
Health Organization has called for the elimination of hepatitis
C as a public health threat by 2030. However, the discrepancy in
DAA prices across low-, middle- and high-income countries is
considerable, ranging from less than US 40,000 per course, thus representing a major barrier for the
scale-up of treatment and elimination. This article describes
DAA pricing and pathways to accessing affordable treatment,
providing case studies from Australia, Egypt and Portugal.
Pathways to accessing DAAs include developing comprehensive
viral hepatitis plans to facilitate price negotiations,
voluntary and compulsory licenses, patent opposition, joint
procurement, and personal importation schemes. While multiple
factors influence the price of DAAs, a key driver is a country's
capacity and willingness to negotiate with pharmaceutical
companies. If negotiations do not lead to a reasonable price,
governments have the option to utilise flexibilities outlined in
the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights. Affordable access to DAAs is underpinned by
collaboration between government, civil society, global
organisations and pharmaceutical companies to ensure that all
patients can access treatment. Promoting these pathways is
critical for influencing policy, improving access to affordable
DAAs and achieving hepatitis C elimination
Immune stimuli shape the small non-coding transcriptome of extracellular vesicles released by dendritic cells
Molecular Technology and Informatics for Personalised Medicine and Healt
Immune stimuli shape the small non-coding transcriptome of extracellular vesicles released by dendritic cells
Molecular Technology and Informatics for Personalised Medicine and Healt
Recovery of extracellular vesicles from human breast milk is influenced by sample collection and vesicle isolation procedures
Extracellular vesicles (EV) in breast milk carry immune relevant proteins and could play an important role in the instruction of the neonatal immune system. To further analyze these EV and to elucidate their function it is important that native populations of EV can be recovered from (stored) breast milk samples in a reproducible fashion. However, the impact of isolation and storage procedures on recovery of breast milk EV has remained underexposed. Here, we aimed to define parameters important for EV recovery from fresh and stored breast milk. To compare various protocols across different donors, breast milk was spiked with a well-defined murine EV population. We found that centrifugation of EV down into density gradients largely improved density-based separation and isolation of EV, compared to floatation up into gradients after high-force pelleting of EV. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we identified different subpopulations of human breast milk EV and a not previously described population of lipid tubules. Additionally, the impact of cold storage on breast milk EV was investigated. We determined that storing unprocessed breast milk at −80°C or 4°C caused death of cells present in breast milk, leading to contamination of the breast milk EV population with storage-induced EV. Here, an alternative method is proposed to store breast milk samples for EV analysis at later time points. The proposed adaptations to the breast milk storage and EV isolation procedures can be applied for EV-based biomarker profiling of breast milk and functional analysis of the role of breast milk EV in the development of the neonatal immune system
Coupling of the lattice and superlattice deformations and hysteresis in thermal expansion for the quasi one-dimensional conductor TaS
An original interferometer-based setup for measurements of length of
needle-like samples is developed, and thermal expansion of o-TaS crystals
is studied. Below the Peierls transition the temperature hysteresis of length
is observed, the width of the hysteresis loop being up to . The behavior of the loop is anomalous: the length changes so
that it is in front of its equilibrium value. The hysteresis loop couples with
that of conductivity. The sign and the value of the length hysteresis are
consistent with the strain dependence of the charge-density waves (CDW) wave
vector. With lowering temperature down to 100 K the CDW elastic modulus grows
achieving a value comparable with the lattice Young modulus. Our results could
be helpful in consideration of different systems with intrinsic
superstructures.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Phys. Rev. Lett., accepted for publicatio
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