CREATe public lectures on the proposed EU right for press publishers

Presents the edited text of lectures by Hoppner and Xalabarder arguing in favour and against the proposal to extend Directive 2001/29 arts 2 and 3 to press publishers, providing them with the exclusive right to publish journalistic material online for a period of 20 years. Discusses the controversies surrounding two similar initiatives in Germany and Spain

Nursing and therapy professions to the universities! : documentation of the online symposia «Are dual degree programs in midwifery a model for the therapy professions?» and «Bachelor degree programs in Austria and Switzerland: models for the therapy and nursing professions in Germany?» held on March 18, and September 8, 2021

Der Verein zur Förderung der Wissenschaft in den Gesundheitsberufen VFWG veranstaltete zwei Online-Symposien zum Stand der Akademisierung in Deutschland, wo lediglich die Hebammen dank EU-Vorschriften seit 2020 an Fachhochschulen ausgebildet werden. Für die Pflege- und Therapieberufe gilt nach wie vor die Modellklausel, die bis 2024 verlängert wurde. In Österreich und der Schweiz sind die Ausbildungen für die Therapieberufe vollständig an den Fachhochschulen angesiedelt, für diejenigen für die Pflege und die medizinisch-technischen Berufe teilweise. Das erste Symposium erörterte, ob sog. duale Studiengänge ein Modell sein könnten für die Therapieberufe in Deutschland. Das zweite Symposium fragte, ob der Weg, den Österreich und die Schweiz eingeschlagen haben, Argumente liefern kann für eine Akademisierung der Gesundheitsberufe in Deutschland. Dieser Beitrag führt ins Thema ein; die folgenden Beiträge dokumentieren die Beiträge verschiedener Autoren zu den beiden Symposien

SIGLEC-1 in Systemic Sclerosis: A Useful Biomarker for Differential Diagnosis

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a clinically heterogeneous disease that includes an upregulation of type I interferons (IFNs). The aim of this observational study was to investigate the IFN-regulated protein Sialic Acid–Binding Ig-like Lectin 1 (SIGLEC-1) as a biomarker for disease phenotype, therapeutic response, and differential diagnosis in SSc. Levels of SIGLEC-1 expression on monocytes of 203 SSc patients were determined in a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis using multicolor flow cytometry, then compared to 119 patients with other rheumatic diseases and 13 healthy controls. SSc patients higher SIGLEC-1 expression on monocytes (2097.94 ± 2134.39) than HCs (1167.45 ± 380.93; p = 0.49), but significantly lower levels than SLE (8761.66 ± 8325.74; p < 0.001) and MCTD (6414.50 ± 1846.55; p < 0.001) patients. A positive SIGELC-1 signature was associated with reduced forced expiratory volume (p = 0.007); however, we were unable to find an association with fibrotic or vascular disease manifestations. SIGLEC-1 remained stable over time and was independent of changes in immunosuppressive therapy. However, SIGLEC-1 is suitable for differentiating SSc from other connective tissue diseases. SIGLEC-1 expression on monocytes can be useful in the differential diagnosis of connective tissue disease but not as a biomarker for SSc disease manifestations or activity

PIPERS: Preliminary Analysis of Satellite Radar Imagery from Terra Nova Bay

Satellite images provide the opportunity to differentiate different ice units in and around the Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) on different spatial scales. However, at a first stage, the separation of units is usually be carried out in terms of radar signature variations, i. e. the result are “radar units” with statistically significant signature differences. In a second step, the radar units have to be linked to observations in the field in order to enable a geophysical interpretation of the stage of polynya development and the sea ice conditions around the polynya. In this specific analysis we focus on the first step. The radar imagery acquired over the TNBP comprises data from TerraSAR-X strip-map dual-polarization (HH, VV) mode, TerraSAR-X ScanSAR mode (HH-polarization), Sentinel-1 extra wide-swath mode (HH and HV polarization), and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide-swath mode (HH-polarization). Dependent on the temporal gap between image acquisitions it is possible in some cases to produce layer stacks including different imaging modes. We use different segmentation methods (such as e. g. Support Vector Machine) to arrive at a map of different radar units with only small overlaps of their radar signatures (i. e. significant discernibility). The goal is to generate a temporal sequence of radar unit maps, which in the second step in collaboration with the PIPERS team can be related to ground data gathered in the field

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering in warm-dense Fe compounds beyond the SASE FEL resolution limit

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a widely used spectroscopic technique, providing access to the electronic structure and dynamics of atoms, molecules, and solids. However, RIXS requires a narrow bandwidth x-ray probe to achieve high spectral resolution. The challenges in delivering an energetic monochromated beam from an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) thus limit its use in few-shot experiments, including for the study of high energy density systems. Here we demonstrate that by correlating the measurements of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) spectrum of an XFEL with the RIXS signal, using a dynamic kernel deconvolution with a neural surrogate, we can achieve electronic structure resolutions substantially higher than those normally afforded by the bandwidth of the incoming x-ray beam. We further show how this technique allows us to discriminate between the valence structures of Fe and Fe$_2$O$_3$, and provides access to temperature measurements as well as M-shell binding energies estimates in warm-dense Fe compounds

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering in warm-dense Fe compounds beyond the SASE FEL resolution limit

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a widely used spectroscopic technique, providing access to the electronic structure and dynamics of atoms, molecules, and solids. However, RIXS requires a narrow bandwidth x-ray probe to achieve high spectral resolution. The challenges in delivering an energetic monochromated beam from an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) thus limit its use in few-shot experiments, including for the study of high energy density systems. Here we demonstrate that by correlating the measurements of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) spectrum of an XFEL with the RIXS signal, using a dynamic kernel deconvolution with a neural surrogate, we can achieve electronic structure resolutions substantially higher than those normally afforded by the bandwidth of the incoming x-ray beam. We further show how this technique allows us to discriminate between the valence structures of Fe and Fe2O3, and provides access to temperature measurements as well as M-shell binding energies estimates in warm-dense Fe compounds

Visualizing Ultrafast Kinetic Instabilities in Laser-Driven Solids using X-ray Scattering

Ultra-intense lasers that ionize and accelerate electrons in solids to near the speed of light can lead to kinetic instabilities that alter the laser absorption and subsequent electron transport, isochoric heating, and ion acceleration. These instabilities can be difficult to characterize, but a novel approach using X-ray scattering at keV energies allows for their visualization with femtosecond temporal resolution on the few nanometer mesoscale. Our experiments on laser-driven flat silicon membranes show the development of structure with a dominant scale of ~60\unit{nm} in the plane of the laser axis and laser polarization, and ~95\unit{nm} in the vertical direction with a growth rate faster than $0.1/\mathrm{fs}$. Combining the XFEL experiments with simulations provides a complete picture of the structural evolution of ultra-fast laser-induced instability development, indicating the excitation of surface plasmons and the growth of a new type of filamentation instability. These findings provide new insight into the ultra-fast instability processes in solids under extreme conditions at the nanometer level with important implications for inertial confinement fusion and laboratory astrophysics

Crop rotations with and without legumes: a review

Leguminosen sind im ökologischen Landbau aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit zur Luftstickstofffixierung unverzichtbar für die Stickstoffversorgung der Ackerkulturen und die Proteinversorgung der Nutztiere. Im konventionellen Anbau bieten Leguminosen die Möglichkeit, die häufig getreideintensiven Fruchtfolgen aufzulockern. Eine der wichtigsten Wirkungen dieses Break-crop-Effekts ist das Durchbrechen des Lebenszyklus von fruchtartenspezifischen Pathogenen und der damit verbundenen Einsparung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit stellt den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens zu Fruchtfolgen mit und ohne Leguminosen zusammen. Dabei werden ackerbauliche, ökologische und ökonomische Wirkungen des Anbaus groß- und kleinkörnig Leguminosenarten als Haupt- oder Zwischenfrüchte bzw. Unter­saaten oder als Komponenten in Gemengen dar­gestellt und bewertet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf relevanten Publikationen in wissenschaftlichen Journalen sowie Praxis- und Forschungsberichten der Jahre 2010 – 2020 die in Deutschland oder vergleichbaren klimatischen Bedingungen durchgeführt wurden. Abschließend wird daraus der notwendige Forschungsbedarf für die Themenbereiche Pflanzenbau (konventionell und ökologisch), Pflanzenschutz, Ökonomie, Ökologie und Klimaschutz abgeleitet.In organic farming, legumes are indispensable for the nitro­gen supply of arable crops and the protein supply of livestock due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In conventional farming, legumes offer the potential to break the often cereal-intensive crop rotations. One of the most important consequences of the break-crop effect is the interruption of the life cycle of crop-specific pathogens and the associated savings of pesticides. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on crop rotations with and without legumes. It presents and evaluates the agronomic, ecological and economic effects of the cultivation of large- and small-seeded legume species as main or catch crops, when undersown in other crops, or used as components in mixtures. The focus is on relevant publications in scientific journals as well as practice and research reports published between 2010 and 2020 which were carried out in Germany or under comparable climatic conditions. Finally, essential research needs in the areas of crop production (conventional and organic), crop protection, economics, ecology, and climate protection are identified

Alignment, orientation, and Coulomb explosion of difluoroiodobenzene studied with the pixel imaging mass spectrometry (PImMS) camera

Citation: Amini, K., Boll, R., Lauer, A., Burt, M., Lee, J. W. L., Christensen, L., . . . Rolles, D. (2017). Alignment, orientation, and Coulomb explosion of difluoroiodobenzene studied with the pixel imaging mass spectrometry (PImMS) camera. Journal of Chemical Physics, 147(1). doi:10.1063/1.4982220Laser-induced adiabatic alignment and mixed-field orientation of 2,6-difluoroiodobenzene (C6H3F2I) molecules are probed by Coulomb explosion imaging following either near-infrared strong-field ionization or extreme-ultraviolet multi-photon inner-shell ionization using free-electron laser pulses. The resulting photoelectrons and fragment ions are captured by a double-sided velocity map imaging spectrometer and projected onto two position-sensitive detectors. The ion side of the spectrometer is equipped with a pixel imaging mass spectrometry camera, a time-stamping pixelated detector that can record the hit positions and arrival times of up to four ions per pixel per acquisition cycle. Thus, the time-of-flight trace and ion momentum distributions for all fragments can be recorded simultaneously. We show that we can obtain a high degree of one-and three-dimensional alignment and mixed-field orientation and compare the Coulomb explosion process induced at both wavelengths. © 2017 Author(s)