Friluftsliv i Norge. Status og historisk utvikling

Statistisk sentralbyrå har samlet inn informasjon om friluftsliv i befolkningen i fem tiår. Formålet med denne rapporten har vært ta å se på langtidstrender i friluftsliv, og hvordan disse trendene har utviklet seg i ulike befolkningsgrupper. I tillegg ser rapporten på forholdet mellom friluftsliv og livskvalitet og helse, samt hvordan befolkningens friluftslivsvaner henger sammen med utøvelse av andre former for fysisk aktivitet. Det er viktig å påpeke at trendene det vises til i rapporten gjelder for aktiviteter som er kartlagt av SSB, som ikke er en fullstendig dekning av alt friluftsliv; over tid kommer det nye aktiviteter til, mens andre kan forsvinne ut i periferien. Dermed sier trendene noe om de kartlagte aktivitetenes popularitet i befolkningen, og vi kan bruke disse trendene til å si noe mer generelt om ulike befolkningsgruppers forhold til friluftsliv. Et generelt trekk er at andelen som har gjort ulike friluftslivsaktiviteter kartlagt av SSB har vært stabil eller lett synkende over tid. For eksempel hadde 73 prosent gått på lengre fotturer eller på ski i løpet av de siste 12 månedene i 1974, mens andelen var 66 prosent i 2021. Et annet viktig funn er at frekvensen – altså hvor ofte aktiviteter utøves – går i motsatt retning og er stabil eller økende: På starten av 1970-tallet var én av ti personer i befolkningen aktiv minst én friluftslivsaktivitet minst 3 ganger i uken, mens på starten av 2020-tallet var andelen doblet seg, til to av ti personer. Samtidig viser tallene at andelen inaktive i friluftsliv har vært stabil til lett synkende. Et annet hovedfunn i rapporten er de store variasjonene i befolkningen. Når vi grupperer befolkningen etter faktorer som alder, sosioøkonomisk status (utdanning og inntekt), landbakgrunn, og fysisk helse finner vi til dels store forskjeller. Yngre og personer med høyere utdanning og inntekt er for eksempel grupper som har særlig høy deltakelse, mens enslige forsørgere, og personer med lav utdanning og inntekt deltar i mindre grad. Dette viser at friluftslivsdeltakelse både er betinget av struktur og kultur: personer med høyere utdannelse og inntekt har både mer tid, bedre økonomi og kanskje foreldre som også har drevet med friluftsliv. Dette kan gjøre inngangsbilletten og terskelen til å delta lavere. Disse trendene gjelder både for voksne og barn. Et annet trekk er at selv om yngre har særlig høy deltakelse, har eldre økt sin deltakelse betraktelig. Friluftsliv er en viktig komponent i det statlige folkehelsearbeidet. Funnene i denne rapporten viser at det er positive sammenhenger mellom deltakelse i friluftsliv og opplevd helse og livskvalitet. Disse sammenhengene er tydelige for alle de ulike gruppene i befolkningen kartlagt i rapporten, men er særlig sterk for eldre, personer med lav inntekt og personer med funksjonsnedsettelse. Hovedkonklusjonen i rapporten er at friluftsliv helt fra 1970-tallet frem til i dag har en solid befestet posisjon i Norge. Samtidig viser funnene at når man ser på befolkningens friluftslivsdeltakelse i lys av ulike bakgrunnskjennetegn og deres deltakelse i andre aktivitetsformer, blir bildet mer komplisert. Noen grupper er underrepresenterte, noen aktiviteter har falt i popularitet mens andre har økt sitt tilfang, og deltakelse i friluftsliv må ses i lys av deltakelse i andre fysiske aktivitetsformer (f.eks. trening).Arbeidet er finansiert av Miljødirektoratet (Mdir)

Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers

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From the Weyl Anomaly to Entropy of Two-Dimensional Boundaries and Defects

We study whether the relations between the Weyl anomaly, entanglement entropy (EE), and thermal entropy of a two-dimensional (2D) conformal field theory (CFT) extend to 2D boundaries of 3D CFTs, or 2D defects of $D \geq 3$ CFTs. The Weyl anomaly of a 2D boundary or defect defines two or three central charges, respectively. One of these, $b$, obeys a c-theorem, as in 2D CFT. For a 2D defect, we show that another, $d_2$, interpreted as the defect's `conformal dimension,' must be non-negative by the Averaged Null Energy Condition (ANEC). We show that the EE of a sphere centered on a planar defect has a logarithmic contribution from the defect fixed by $b$ and $d_2$. Using this and known holographic results, we compute $b$ and $d_2$ for 1/2-BPS surface operators in the maximally supersymmetric (SUSY) 4D and 6D CFTs. The results are consistent with $b$'s c-theorem. Via free field and holographic examples we show that no universal `Cardy formula' relates the central charges to thermal entropy.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

No Effect of Calanus Oil on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Study

We aimed to investigate the long-term effect of daily Calanus oil supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in healthy 30- to 50-year-old participants. The study was motivated by preclinical studies reporting increased VO2max and metabolic health with omega-3 rich Calanus oil. In a double-blinded study, 71 participants were randomized to receive 2 g/day of Calanus or placebo supplementation for a total of 6 months. The participants underwent exercise testing and clinical investigations at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Main study endpoint was change in VO2max from baseline to 6 months. Fifty-eight participants completed the 6-month test and were included in the final data analysis (age: Calanus, 39.7 [38.0, 41.4] and placebo, 38.8 [36.8, 40.9] years; body mass index: Calanus, 24.8 [24.0, 25.6] and placebo, 24.8 [23.7, 25.8] kg/m2; and VO2max: Calanus, 50.4 [47.1, 53.8] and placebo, 50.2 [47.2, 53.1] ml·kg−1·min−1). There were no between-group differences at baseline, nor were there any between-group differences in absolute (Calanus, 3.74 [3.44, 4.04] and placebo, 3.79 [3.44, 4.14] L/min) or relative VO2max (Calanus, 49.7 [46.2, 53.2] and placebo, 49.5 [46.0, 53.1] ml·kg−1·min−1) at 6 months (mean [95% confidence interval]). There were no between-groups change in clinical measures from baseline to 3 and 6 months. In conclusion, VO2max was unaffected by 6 months of daily Calanus oil supplementation in healthy, physically fit, normal to overweight men and women between 30 and 50 years old

Cardiac function associated with previous, current and repeated depression and anxiety symptoms in a healthy population: the HUNT study.

Objective: Symptoms of anxiety and depression often co-exist with cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet little is known about the association with left ventricular (LV) subclinical dysfunction. We aimed to study the cross-sectional associations of previous, current and repeated depression or anxiety symptoms, with sensitive indices of LV systolic and diastolic function, based on tissue Doppler (TD) and speckle tracking (ST) imaging methods. Methods: A random selection of 1296 individuals free from known CVD, hypertension and diabetes were examined with echocardiography at baseline of the third Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, (HUNT3, 2006–2008). The primary outcomes were LV diastolic function (e′) and LV systolic function (longitudinal global strain). The primary exposures were self-report on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Associations between outcomes and baseline exposures were available for 1034 (80%), and with previous and repeated exposures for 700 participants who also participated in HUNT2 (1995–1997). Results: Previous and repeated depression symptoms, but not current depression, were linearly associated with a reduction in e′. The average sum of two repeated HADS-D scores 10 years apart had the strongest effect on e′ (−8.3%; 95% CI −13.9% to −2.7%) per 5 units. We observed a sex difference between depression symptoms and longitudinal global strain (p for interaction 0.019), where women had a marginal negative effect. Anxiety symptoms, neither previous, current nor repeated were associated with subclinical LV dysfunction. Conclusions: In a healthy sample, confirmed free of CVD, past and repeated depression symptoms were associated with subclinical LV dysfunction. Thus, depression symptoms might represent a modifiable risk factor for future CVD.This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Player load in male elite soccer : Comparisons of patterns between matches and positions

Our primary aim was to explore the development of player load throughout match time (i.e., the pattern) using moving 5-min windows in an elite soccer team and our secondary aim was to compare player load patterns between different positions within the same team. The dataset included domestic home matches (n = 34) over three seasons for a Norwegian Elite League team. Player movements (mean ± SD age 25.5 ± 4.2 years, height 183.6 ± 6.6 cm, body mass 78.9 ± 7.4 kg) were recorded at 20 Hz using body-worn sensors. Data for each variable (player load, player load per meter, total distance, accelerations, decelerations, sprint distance, high-intensity running distance) were averaged within positions in each match, converted to z-scores and averaged across all matches, yielding one time series for each variable for each position. Pattern similarity between positions was assessed with cross-correlations. Overall, we observed a distinct pattern in player load throughout match time, which also occurred in the majority of individual matches. The pattern shows peaks at regular intervals (~15 min), each followed by a period of lower load, declining until the next peak. The same pattern was evident in player load per meter. The cross-correlation analyses support the visual evidence, with correlations ranging 0.88–0.97 (p < .001) in all position pairs. In contrast, no specific patterns were discernible in total distance, accelerations, decelerations, sprint distance and high-intensity running distance, with cross-correlations ranging 0.65–0.89 (p < .001), 0.32–0.64 (p < .005), 0.18–0.65 (p < .005 in nine position pairs), 0.02–0.38 (p < .05 in three pairs) and 0.01–0.52 (p < .05 in three pairs), respectively. This study demonstrated similarity in player load patterns between both matches and positions in elite soccer competition, which could indicate a physical “pacing pattern” employed by the team.publishedVersio