‘Where to ski?’: an ethnography of how guides make sense while planning

A ski guide’s job is to take recreational skiers into avalanche terrain. In this paper, we explore how ski guides make sense of complex social and ecological contexts while planning. Our data arises out of a one-year participant ethnography of ski guiding in Norway, and shows that guides work towards becoming socio-ecologically embedded by making sense of who the clients and what the mountain conditions are, in their determination of where to ski. Our work, through challenging and complementing the decision-making literature, shows how guides notice and act on cues, and through this embed themselves and their clients in the ecological context. We highlight the implications of these findings both for guides working in the outdoors and leisure recreationists

Is 125I iothalamate an ideal marker for glomerular filtration?

Is 125I iothalamate an ideal marker for glomerular filtration? The triiodinated angiographic contrast medium, iothalamate, has (usually labelled 125I) been used extensively as a marker for glomerular filtration. We have studied the renal handling of 125I iothalamate (IOT) in vivo and in vitro in several species. In renal cortical slices from chicken, rabbit, rat, and monkey, the tissue-to-medium ratio of IOT was twice that of 51Cr-EDTA (EDTA) at 37°C; a difference that was abolished at 0°C and markedly reduced by added o-iodohippurate or iodipamide. In five chickens the steady-state renal clearance of IOT (CIOT) was twice (P < 0.05) that of EDTA (CEDTA) or 3H inulin (C1); a difference that was abolished by administration of 100 mg/kg/hr of novobiocin, an organic anion transport inhibitor. CEDTA was similar to C1 before as well as after transport inhibition. Utilizing the Sperber technique the mean apparent tubular excretion fraction (ATEF) of IOT was 8%, while that of EDTA was 1% (P < 0.01; N = 10). After novobiocin coinfusion (new steady-state) ATEFIOT was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) and not different from that of EDTA (-1%). In the same animals the total urinary recovery of IOT was 84 and 57% (P < 0.01) before and after novobiocin, respectively, while corresponding values for EDTA was unchanged by the inhibitor. In seven rats the renal extraction of IOT was reduced from 29 to 17% (P < 0.05) by coinfusion of probenecid (5 mg/kg/hr). Corresponding extractions were 82 to 34% (P < 0.005) and 22% (unchanged) for PAH and EDTA, respectively. In six healthy volunteers the renal clearance of unlabelled IOT (HPLC method) equated that of creatinine but exceeded that of inulin with 38% (P < 0.01). This difference was reduced 34% (P<0.05) by probenecid (1 g i.v.). In nineteen patients with a single or two kidneys the average plasma clearance (single injection technique; slope-intercept method) of IOT was 13% higher than that of EDTA (P < 0.001); a difference which was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced to half after pretreatment with probenecid (1 g i.v.); in some patients this difference was marked. The results show that IOT is subject to a significant and in some cases marked renal tubular secretion in chicken, rats, and humans. IOT, therefore, is not an ideal marker for glomerular filtration.Le 125I iothalamate est-il un marqueur idéal de la filtration glomérulaire? L'iothalamate, un produit de contraste angiographique tri-iodé a été largement utilisé (habituellement marqué à 125I) comme marqueur de la filtration glomérulaire. Nous avons étudié l'excrétion rénale du 125I iothalamate (IOT) in vivo et in vitro dans différentes espèces. Dans des tranches corticales de rein de poulet, de lapin, de rat, et de singe, le rapport tissu sur milieu de l'IOT était le double de celui du 51Cr-EDTA (EDTA) à 37°C; une différence abolie à 0°C et réduite de façon marquée par l'addition de O-iodohippurate ou d'iodipamide. Chez cinq poulets la clearance rénale à l'équilibre d'IOT (CIOT) était le double (P < 0,05) de celle de l'EDTA (CEDTA) ou de 3H inuline (CI); une différence abolie par l'administration de 100 mg/kg/hr de novobiocine, un inhibiteur du transport des anions organiques. CEDTA était identique à CI avant comme après l'inhibition du transport. En utilisant la technique de Sperber, la fraction d'excrétion tubulaire apparente moyenne (ATEF) de l'IOT était de 8%, alors que celle de l'EDTA était de 1% {P < 0,01; N = 10). Après coperfusion de novobiocine (nouvel équilibre) ATEFIOT était significativement réduite (P < 0,01) et non différente de celle de l'EDTA (- 1%). Chez les mêmes animaux, la récupération urinaire totale d'IOT était de 84 et 57% (P < 0,01) avant et après novobiocine, respectivement, alors que les valeurs correspondantes pour l'EDTA étaient inchangées par l'inhibiteur. Chez sept rats, l'extraction rénale d'IOT était réduite de 29 à 17% (P < 0,05) par coperfusion de probénécide (5 mg/kg/hr). Les extractions correspondant étaient de 82 à 34% (P < 0,005) et de 22% (inchangées) pour le PAH et l'EDTA, respectivement. Chez six volontaires sains, la clearance rénale de l'IOT non marqué (méthode HPLC) était égale à celle de la créatinine mais dépassait celle de l'inuline de 38% (P < 0,01). Cette différence était réduite de 34% (P < 0,05) par le probénécide (1 g i.v.). Chez dix-neuf malades avec un ou deux reins, la clearance plasmatique moyenne (technique par injection unique; méthode d'interception de la courbe) de l'IOT était 13% plus élevée que celle de l'EDTA (P < 0,01); une différence qui était significativement (P < 0,01) réduite de moitié après prétraîtement par le probénécide (1 g i.v.); chez certains malades cette différence était marquée. Ces résultats montrent que l'IOT est sujet à une sécrétion tubulaire rénale significative et parfois marquée chez le poulet, le rat, et l'homme. L'IOT n'est donc pas un marqueur idéal de la filtration glomérulaire

Discretized Gravity in 6D Warped Space

We consider discretized gravity in six dimensions, where the two extra dimensions have been compactified on a hyperbolic disk of constant curvature. We analyze different realizations of lattice gravity on the disk at the level of an effective field theory for massive gravitons. It is shown that the observed strong coupling scale of lattice gravity in discretized five-dimensional flat or warped space can be increased when the latticized fifth dimension is wrapped around a hyperbolic disk that has a non-trivial warp factor. As an application, we also discuss the generation of naturally small Dirac neutrino masses via a discrete volume suppression mechanism and discuss briefly collider implications of our model.Comment: 35 pages, 10 figures, typos corrected. Matches final version published in Nucl.Phys.B781,32-63,200

Triplet Leptogenesis in Left-Right Symmetric Seesaw Models

We discuss scalar triplet leptogenesis in a specific left-right symmetric seesaw model. We show that the Majorana phases that are present in the model can be effectively used to saturate the existing upper limit on the CP-asymmetry of the triplets. We solve the relevant Boltzmann equations and analyze the viability of triplet leptogenesis. It is known for this kind of scenario that the efficiency of leptogenesis is maximal if there exists a hierarchy between the branching ratios of the triplet decays into leptons and Higgs particles. We show that triplet leptogenesis typically favors branching ratios with not too strong hierarchies, since maximal efficiency can only be obtained at the expense of suppressed CP-asymmetries.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, published versio

Lojalitet och engagemang för skogsägareföreningen i en ny tid

Skogsägarföreningarna har en lång historia av att arbeta för skogsägarnas intressen. Genom att bidra till att skogsägarna får bra betalt för sitt virke har skogsägarnas situation förbättrats. Med tiden har skogsägarna blivit mer diversifierade. Fler kvinnor och högutbildade äger skog och skogsägarna flyttar från sina fastigheter till samhällen och städer. Det kan innebära att skogsägarnas intressen, behov och lojalitet mot skogsägarföreningen också förändras. Därför är syftet med denna studie att förklara medlemslojalitet för skogsägarföreningen känner för skogsägarföreningen. Studien har också som mål att beskriva vilka behov skogsägarföreningen behöver möta för att skapa värde hos medlemmarna. För att förklara det gjordes en kvalitativ fallstudie med medlemmar i Norra Skogsägarna. Fem medlemmar utfrågades i en semistrukturerad intervjuform som byggde på teori om tjänstelogik, relationsmarknadsföring och lojalitet. Resultatet visar ingen enighet kring vilken lojalitet medlemmarna känner för Norra Skogsägarna men att lojaliteten kan beskrivas som relativt låg. Det största behovet respondenterna lyfte fram var behovet av råd och stöd. Skogsinspektorns roll är viktig för värdeskapandet bland medlemmarna. Studien visade också att flertalet av de responderande medlemmar ser Norra Skogsägarna mer som ett företag än en förening. Ett tydligt samband mellan synen på Norra Skogsägarna och lojalitet kan dock inte dras.Forest owner associations have a long history of working for the interest of the forest owners. Through the contribution of the forest owner associations the forest owners got fair payment for their wood and the situation for forest owners has become a lot better. Over the years forest owners have become more differentiated. Today more women and highly educated people are forest owners. It's also more common that the owners move from their forest property to the cities. It could lead to changes in interests, needs and loyalty towards the association. With that knowledge this study focus on explaining the level of loyalty the members feel towards the association. The study also aims to describe what kind of needs the associations need to make to create value for their members. To be able to understand the situation a case study was performed with members of Norra Skogsägarna. Five members were interviewed in a semi structured matter. The questions were built on the theories about service dominant logic, relationship marketing and loyalty. The result did not show a uniform level of loyalty that the members feel towards Norra Skogsägarna. The empirics indicate that the level of loyalty is quite low among the interviewees. The biggest needs of the members are to feel supported and to receive advice. The local staff at the association is very important to establish a relationship and create values for the member. The study also shows that most of the members see Norra Skogsägarna more as a company than an association. A connection between loyalty and the way the members view Norra Skogsägarna could not be found

Stability and leptogenesis in the left-right symmetric seesaw mechanism

We analyze the left-right symmetric type I+II seesaw mechanism, where an eight-fold degeneracy among the mass matrices of heavy right-handed neutrinos M_R is known to exist. Using the stability property of the solutions and their ability to lead to successful baryogenesis via leptogenesis as additional criteria, we discriminate among these eight solutions and partially lift their eight-fold degeneracy. In particular, we find that viable leptogenesis is generically possible for four out of the eight solutions.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, latex; minor changes, published versio

Damping signatures in future neutrino oscillation experiments

We discuss the phenomenology of damping signatures in the neutrino oscillation probabilities, where either the oscillating terms or the probabilities can be damped. This approach is a possibility for tests of non-oscillation effects in future neutrino oscillation experiments, where we mainly focus on reactor and long-baseline experiments. We extensively motivate different damping signatures due to small corrections by neutrino decoherence, neutrino decay, oscillations into sterile neutrinos, or other mechanisms, and classify these signatures according to their energy (spectral) dependencies. We demonstrate, at the example of short baseline reactor experiments, that damping can severely alter the interpretation of results, e.g., it could fake a value of $\sin(2\theta_{13})$ smaller than the one provided by Nature. In addition, we demonstrate how a neutrino factory could constrain different damping models with emphasis on how these different models could be distinguished, i.e., how easily the actual non-oscillation effects could be identified. We find that the damping models cluster in different categories, which can be much better distinguished from each other than models within the same cluster.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX. Final version published in JHE

Mortality trends in external causes of death in people with mental health disorders in Sweden, 1987-2010

AIM: We investigated mortality from external causes in Swedish people who had been hospitalised with a severe mental disorder.METHODS: Hospitalisations in people aged 15 years or older admitted to hospital with a main diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder or unipolar mood disorder between 1987 and 2010 were linked to their causes of death.RESULTS: The mortality rate from all external causes was 20-fold higher in those with unipolar mood disorder, 15-fold higher in those with bipolar disorder and 12-fold higher in those with schizophrenia than in the general population. Over the study periods, the mortality rate declined more for people with unipolar mood disorder (-35%) and schizophrenia (-29%) than the total population (-25%) and those with bipolar mood disorder (-15%). The suicide rate declined most for those with unipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia (-42% for both) and less for the general population (-37%) and those with bipolar mood disorder (-21%). For external causes other than suicide, the mortality rate declined in the general population (-17%) but increased in people with schizophrenia (14%), bipolar mood disorder (30%) and unipolar mood disorder (52%).CONCLUSIONS: People with mental disorders have high but declining excess mortality from suicide. Mortality from other external causes has increased, as has the gap in mortality rates between psychiatric patients and the general population.</div

Indirect Detection of Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter from Latticized Universal Dimensions

We consider Kaluza-Klein dark matter from latticized universal dimensions. We motivate and investigate two different lattice models, where the models differ in the choice of boundary conditions. The models reproduce relevant features of the continuum model for Kaluza-Klein dark matter. For the model with simple boundary conditions, this is the case even for a model with only a few lattice sites. We study the effects of the latticization on the differential flux of positrons from Kaluza-Klein dark matter annihilation in the galactic halo. We find that for different choices of the compactification radius, the differential positron flux rapidly converges to the continuum model results as a function of the number of lattice sites. In addition, we consider the prospects for upcoming space-based experiments such as PAMELA and AMS-02 to probe the latticization effect.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures, LaTeX. Final version published in JCA

Theorizing as mode of engagement in and through extreme contexts research

We explore how management and organization scholars theorize when undertaking research on extreme contexts, which are organizational settings where potential adverse events arise from risks, emergencies and disruptions. We propose that different ‘modes of engagement’ arise as researchers connect different aspects of the self to the extreme context; namely, personal self, professional self, moral self and vulnerable self. Each self-context connection plays out in different modes of engagement in the conduct of empirical research and enables different theorizing practices. We present these self-context connections as four ideal-typical modes of engagement. Adventuresome inquiry connects a personal self to the extreme context and theorizes by phenomenon-driven problematization. Instrumental scholarship expresses a professional self in the extreme context and theorizes by theory elaboration. Ideological improvement galvanizes a moral self in the extreme context and theorizes by change-driven abstraction. Reflexive labor exposes a vulnerable self and theorizes by dialectical interrogation. Our comprehensive framework of theorizing as mode of engagement contributes to extreme context research by elucidating how theorizing in and through such contexts is accomplished by researchers with multiple selves and by offering some guidance on how the four modes can be used dynamically to ensure generative theorizing. We also contribute to the broader literature on theorizing in management and organization studies by highlighting the need to consider the interplay between the researcher and the academic contributions they produce and by proposing a reflexive and dynamic framework of theorizing as modes of engagement