Rectification of “restrained vs unrestrained”

For furnace testing of fire‐resistant floor and roof assemblies in the United States, the ASTM E 119 standard (and similarly the UL 263 standard) permits two classifications for boundary conditions: “restrained” and “unrestrained.” When incorporating tested assemblies into an actual structural system, the designer, oftentimes a fire protection or structural engineer, must judge whether a “restrained” or “unrestrained” classification is appropriate for the application. It is critical that this assumption be carefully considered and understood, as many qualified listings permit a lesser thickness of applied fire protection for steel structures (or less concrete cover for concrete structures) to achieve a certain fire resistance rating if a “restrained” classification is confirmed, as compared with an “unrestrained” classification. The emerging standardization of structural fire engineering practice in the United States will disrupt century‐long norms in the manner to which structural behavior in fire is addressed. For instance, the current edition of the ASCE/SEI 7 standard will greatly impact how designers consider restraint. Accordingly, this paper serves as an exposé of the “restrained vs unrestrained” paradigm in terms of its paradoxical nature and its controversial impact on the industry. More importantly, potential solutions toward industry rectification are provided for the first time in a contemporary study of this paradigm

The ALICE Transition Radiation Detector: Construction, operation, and performance

The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection. (c) 2017 CERN for the benefit of the Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

×acuminata

Populus ×acuminata Rydberglance-leaved cottonwoodpeuplier à feuilles acuminéesBow Island, The Grand Forksisland - junction between Oldman River & Bow Island2300 feetP. deltoides & acuminat

subsp. irrigua

Carex magellanica subsp. irrigua (Wahlenberg) HiitonenCarex pauperculaSimpson Islands Great Slave LakeVery moist Lake Shor

aquatilis

Carex aquatilis Wahlenbergwater sedge;leafy tussock sedgeCarex aquatilisSimpson Islands; Great Slave LakeVery moist Lake Shor

cuneata

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldonnorthern arrowhead;duck-potato arrowhead;arum-leaved arrowhead;wapato;wapatum arrowhead;tule potatosagittaire cunéaire;sagittaria cunéaire;sagittaire à feuilles en coin;sagittaire arifoliéeSagittaria cuneataSimson Islands, Great Slave Lakevery moist Lake Shor

Gilia

Hy. 90 between Lone Pine and Death Valleyopen, rock

diandra

Carex diandra Schranklesser panicled sedge;two-stamen sedge;lesser tussock sedge;bog panicled sedgecarex diandre;laiche à tige arrondie;laîche arrondieCarex diandraSimpson Islands. Great Slave LakeVery moist Lake Shor

leibergii

Nymphaea tetragona Georgipygmy water-lily;northern small white water-lily;small white water-lilynymphéa tétragonaltetragonaSimpson Islands, Great Slave LakeVery moist lake shor

Scutellaria

Simpson Islands, Great Slave LakeVery moist lake shor