Hvordan sprekke bobla : En definisjon av hva som driver impact investment

Formål: Det økende fokuset på det grønne skiftet og bærekraftig utvikling setter krav på at finanssektoren er nødt til å ta mer ansvar. Flere blir stadig mer bevisst på at de må bidra til det grønne skiftet, men få vil finansiere den i frykt for å risikere kapital. Utover dette har det de siste årene dukket opp en ny investeringsform, kalt impact investment. Denne investeringsformen setter sitt fokus på å bidra med kapital til verdens mest pressede problemer. Enda er det ikke påvist hvorvidt denne investeringsformen er lønnsom, derfor ønsker vi å undersøke hvorfor en velger å investere gjennom impact investment. Forskningsmetoden består av en induktiv studie basert på semistrukturerte intervjuer med 5 impact investorer i Norge. Ved dette undersøkes hvilke emosjoner som er med på å påvirke deres motivasjon til å foreta investeringer. Vårt teoretiske grunnlag baseres på teorien til Richard Bagozzi m.fl. om målrettede emosjoner i målrettet atferd. Ved hjelp av modellen for måloppnåelsesprosessen vil vi kunne avdekke hvilke forventninger og hensikter som aktiverer og motiverer investorenes ønske om å foreta impact investment. Funnene våre viser til hvordan impact investorene drives av positive emosjoner koblet til det å jobbe med noe som er i samsvar med deres personlige verdier. Dette motiverer investorene å benytte sin kompetanse til å direkte investere i selskaper som bidrar til en positiv utvikling

Trends and determinants of excess winter mortality in New Zealand: 1980 to 2000

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although many countries experience an increase in mortality during winter, the magnitude of this increase varies considerably, suggesting that some winter excess may be avoidable. Conflicting evidence has been presented on the role of gender, region and deprivation. Little has been published on the magnitude of excess winter mortality (EWM) in New Zealand (NZ) and other Southern Hemisphere countries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Monthly mortality rates per 100,000 population were calculated from routinely collected national mortality data for 1980 to 2000. Generalised negative binomial regression models were used to compare mortality rates between winter (June–September) and the warmer months (October–May).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From 1980–2000 around 1600 excess winter deaths occurred each year with winter mortality rates 18% higher than expected from non-winter rates. Patterns of EWM by age group showed the young and the elderly to be particularly vulnerable. After adjusting for all major covariates, the winter:non-winter mortality rate ratio from 1996–2000 in females was 9% higher than in males. Mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system accounted for 47% of all excess winter deaths from 1996–2000 with mortality from diseases of the respiratory system accounting for 31%. There was no evidence to suggest that patterns of EWM differed by ethnicity, region or local-area based deprivation level. No decline in seasonal mortality was evident over the two decades.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>EWM in NZ is substantial and at the upper end of the range observed internationally. Interventions to reduce EWM are important, but the surprising lack of variation in EWM by ethnicity, region and deprivation, provides little guidance for how such mortality can be reduced.</p

Kyla, hälsa och läkemedel

With the purpose of compiling knowledge and experiences about function and use of drugs and medication under cold conditions the National Institute for Working Life (Arbetslivsinstitutet) in collaboration with Societas pro Scientia Frigoris, an independent and non-profit organisation for promotion of knowledge of man and cold, arranged an interdisciplinary symposium on the theme Drugs and Cold . The symposium was held during two days in Februari 2000 at the castle of Snogeholm in the southern part of Sweden. Ten leading scientists with different background were invited to talk about their specific subject. One of the possible explanations to the increased mortality during the winter season could be the increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system leading to a rise in heart rate and in blood pressure. Inhalation of great amounts of cold and dry air, could not only worsen the symptoms of bronchial asthma, but probably even initiate a hypersensitive reaction in the respiratory tract. Some studies of cross country skiers point in that direction. For the asthmatics and their doctors the findings that freone based inhalators may not function properly in cold air, should be of the greatest interest. Studies of the hedgehog s heart, a hibernator, yield new knowledge of mechanisms giving rise to arrhythmia during hypothermia. Of great interest is the study of prescribing patterns by doctors in different climate areas of our country. Furthermore, the knowledge of the effects of drugs and their kinetics during hypothermia is little considered in clinical practise. Drug effects and dependence of body temperature was discussed. This dependence is not well known, but important, because hypothermia becomes more and more accepted as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of several diseases. But cold can also be a friend. Two lectures dealt with this aspect. One concerned the beneficial effects of cold during surgery and another cold treatment of acute tissue injuries. We hope that the Proceedings of this symposium will advance the knowledge of interaction effects of cold and drugs among clinicians, health care personnel as well as outdoor people and at the same time being a well of inspiration for future research. The symposium was supported by grants from the National Institute for Working Life, National Social Board, Astra Zeneca AB, Novartis, Knoll, and Item Development.För att samla och utbyta kunskap och erfarenheter om läkemedels funktion och användning i kallt klimat arrangerade Arbetslivsinstitutet ett vetenskapligt symposium i ämnet Läkemedel och kyla . Detta skedde i samarbete med sällskapet Societas pro Scientia Frigoris, en ideell, obunden organisation för främjande av kunskap och informationsspridning om människan och kyla. Symposiet hölls under två dagar i februari år 2000 på Snogeholms slott i södra Skåne. Inbjudna var ett tiotal ledande forskare representerande olika forskningsområden men med det gemensamma att de i sin forskning bland annat studerar effekter av kyla. Bakgrunden till den ökade dödligheten i hjärt-kärlsjukdom under vinterhalvåret kan sannolikt till en del tillskrivas den ökade sympatikusaktiviteten och därmed stegring av hjärtfrekvens och blodtryck som kyla ger upphov till. Astman inte bara förvärras utan kan sannolikt även framkallas av inandning av stor mängd kall luft. Mekanismen här synes gå via en uttorkning av det vätskelager som bekläder den nedre delen av bronkträdet. Mycket har vi att lära från studier av det vintersovande djuret igelkotten som klarar av att sänka kroppstemperaturen utan att få oregelbundenheter i sin hjärtrytm. Läkemedelsförskrivningen ser olika ut i landet, det vet vi, men vilka konsekvenserna blir av detta för de människor som under sin fritid eller yrke vistas i ett kallt klimat vet vi betydligt mindre om. Här öppnar sig behovet av ny forskning! Ett intressant föredrag handlade om aerosolinhalatorers bristande funktion vid kall väderlek. Något som förskrivande läkare har all anledning att upplysa sina patienter om. Men kyla behöver inte bara vara människans fiende utan kan även vara i dennes tjänst. Detta framhölls i två föredrag. Ett om nedkylning i samband med kirurgiska ingrepp och i ett annat om behandling vid idrottsskador. Ett särskilt föredrag behandlade läkemedelseffekters beroende av kroppstemperaturen. Detta är litet känt, men är viktigt, då nedkylning, hypotermi, blir alltmer accepterat som ett terapeutiskt hjälpmedel vid en lång rad sjukdomar. Även om många frågetecken kvarstår finns en hel del kunskap inom området. Symposieboken kan ses som en kunskapskälla för medicinsk personal inom företagshälsovård, på vårdcentraler och på sjukhus bland annat vid behandlingen av nerkylda och vid förskrivning av olika läkemedel. Boken kan även ses som inspirationskälla för forskare inom ämnet då olika forskningsfält kan befrukta varandra med idéer och nya modeller att arbeta utifrån. Symposiet genomfördes med stöd från Arbetslivsinstitutet, Socialstyrelsen, Astra Zeneca AB, Novartis, Knoll Läkemedel, Item Development AB

tills tron skiljer oss åt : hur uppväxten inom Jehovas vittnen påverkar de sociala relationerna

The purpose of this study was to explore how interpersonal relationship can be affected by groing up in a New Religoius Movement such as Jehovah’s Withnesses and how it has affected them both in their youth and today. The aim was also to explore if there were people in the respondents' environment that was significant to them during their childhood and which support our respondents have received if they were in need of it.We have not found any previous research on children's social relationships within the Jehovah's Witnesses. We therefore believe that this study is of high relevance to both society and also for all the professionals who come into contact with these children. To discover a child in need, knowledge about how their social environment looks like is crucial. We chose to conduct qualitative interviews with six former Jehovah's Witnesses. The main theories we have assumed is the theory of social interactionism and cognitive dissonance. The vast majority of our respondents have grown up in a strong relationship with their faithful family and assembly. They believe that they have had a large social network but still felt alone in their concerns and thoughts. Several of the interviewees have experienced dissonance when their beliefs collided with societal values and norms. Some of our interviewees have only had contact with other witnesses (aside from the inevitable contact through school) because they have been taught that "worldly people", or non-Witnesses, are evil and their enemies. Others have had several relationships with people outside the organization and have never experienced this as wrong or strange. The genuine cohesion they experienced during childhood has had a sharp end in connection with the respondents' exclusions, when virtually all the faithful witnesses chosen to turn their back on them. Following the exclusion, several interviewees sought professional help in the form of therapy and they all allege that their upbringing has had negative consequences for them in adulthood

tills tron skiljer oss åt : hur uppväxten inom Jehovas vittnen påverkar de sociala relationerna

The purpose of this study was to explore how interpersonal relationship can be affected by groing up in a New Religoius Movement such as Jehovah’s Withnesses and how it has affected them both in their youth and today. The aim was also to explore if there were people in the respondents' environment that was significant to them during their childhood and which support our respondents have received if they were in need of it.We have not found any previous research on children's social relationships within the Jehovah's Witnesses. We therefore believe that this study is of high relevance to both society and also for all the professionals who come into contact with these children. To discover a child in need, knowledge about how their social environment looks like is crucial. We chose to conduct qualitative interviews with six former Jehovah's Witnesses. The main theories we have assumed is the theory of social interactionism and cognitive dissonance. The vast majority of our respondents have grown up in a strong relationship with their faithful family and assembly. They believe that they have had a large social network but still felt alone in their concerns and thoughts. Several of the interviewees have experienced dissonance when their beliefs collided with societal values and norms. Some of our interviewees have only had contact with other witnesses (aside from the inevitable contact through school) because they have been taught that "worldly people", or non-Witnesses, are evil and their enemies. Others have had several relationships with people outside the organization and have never experienced this as wrong or strange. The genuine cohesion they experienced during childhood has had a sharp end in connection with the respondents' exclusions, when virtually all the faithful witnesses chosen to turn their back on them. Following the exclusion, several interviewees sought professional help in the form of therapy and they all allege that their upbringing has had negative consequences for them in adulthood

Smoking Habits, Sales of Fat and Antihypertensives Fail to Explain the High Coronary Mortality in Cold Regions of Sweden

A previous study has shown a strong regional association between cold climate and coronary mortality in Sweden. The present study intended to elucidate further this association, in particular whether or not it could be attributed to smoking, hypertension and fat consumption. The 284 Swedish municipalities were used as units. The outcome was mortality (SMR) from acute myocardial infarction in men aged 40–64. Prevalence of smoking and use of snuff was estimated by interviews. Sales of antihypertensive drugs were used to estimate prevalence of hypertension. Sales of butter and estimates of consumption of saturated fat by interviews were used to estimate the consumption of fat. Weighted determination coefficients (D) were calculated. Apart from the strong association between cold climate and coronary mortality (D=0.39), an association was shown between fat consumption and coronary mortality (D=0.22). A weaker association was found between prevalency of snuffing and coronary mortality (D=0.15) and between sales of butter and coronary mortality (D=0.10) and the weakest between sales of antihypertensives and coronary mortality (D=0.06). No association was found between prevalence of smoking and coronary mortality. When the other explanatory factors were added to cold climate in the model no substantial enhancement of the association was achieved. Cold exposure was correlated to the other explanatory factors. To conclude, this study showed that the strong association between cold exposure and coronary mortality was not affected by the regional variation in the estimates of fat consumption, hypertension or tobacco use. </jats:p

Cold Climate is an Important Factor in Explaining Regional Differences in Coronary Mortality Even if Serum Cholesterol and other Established Risk Factors are Taken into Account

Earlier studies have shown a strong regional association between cold climate and coronary mortality in Sweden and that coronary mortality is more strongly associated with cold climate than with other explanatory factors such as drinking water hardness, socioeconomic factors, tobacco and sales of butter. To examine the joint impact of these factors and to investigate regional differences in serum cholesterol and their relation to cold climate and coronary mortality, regression analyses were performed with 259 municipalities in Sweden as units. Mortality from acute myocardial infarction in men aged 40–64 during 1975–1984 was used as the dependent variable. A cold index was calculated, this index and the above mentioned factors were used as explanatory variables. The main results were: Cold index was the strongest factor when introduced into a multiple regression model. Four other strong factors had to be used to obtain the same explanatory strength as cold index did alone, and even when introduced as the last factor, cold index increased the coefficient of determination substantially. In a subsample of 37 municipalities, serum cholesterol was not significantly associated with coronary mortality. However, there was a significant correlation between cold index and serum cholesterol. </jats:p