Assessment of Indoor & Outdoor Black Carbon Emissions Rural Areas of Indo-Gangetic Plain: Seasonal Characteristics, Source Apportionment and Radiative Forcing

Black Carbon (BC) has been widely recognized as the second largest source of territorial and global climate change as well as a threat to human health. There has been serious concern of BC emission and its impact in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) due to the use of biomass and fossil fuels for cooking, transportation and industrial activities. An attempt has been made to study indoor (Liquefied Petroleum Gas- LPG & Traditional cookstoves users households) and outdoor concentrations; seasonal characteristics; radiative forcing and source of apportionment of BC in three districts (Sitapur, Patna and Murshidabad) of IGP during January to December 2016. The seasonal concentrations of BC in LPG (traditional cookstoves) users households were 3.79 ± 0.77 μgm−3 (25.36 ± 5.01 μgm−3) during the winter; 2.62 ± 0.60 μgm−3(16.36 ± 3.68 μgm−3) during the pre-monsoon; 2.02 ± 0.355 μgm−3(8.92 ± 1.98 μgm−3) during the monsoon and 2.19 ± 0.47 μgm−3(15.17 ± 3.31 μgm−3) during the post-monsoon seasons. However, the outdoor BC concentrations were 24.20 ± 4.46, 19.80 ± 4.34, 8.87 ± 1.83, and 9.14 ± 1.84 μgm−3 during winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The negative radiative forcing (RF) at the surface suggests a cooling effect while a warming effect appears to be occurring at the top of the atmosphere. The atmospheric forcing of BC and aerosols also show a net warming effect in the selected study areas. The analysis of BC concentrations and fire episodes indicated that the emissions from biomass burning increases the pollution concentration. The backward trajectory analysis through the HYSPLIT model also suggests an additional source of pollutants during winter and pre-monsoon seasons from the northwest and northern region in the IGP

A Review On Threatened Medicinal Plants In Uttarakhand And Their Genetic Diversity Assessment Through Molecular Markers

Uttarakhand has a rich plant biodiversity, many of which have high medicinal properties. Medicinal plants have been used against insects, diseases, and herbivorous mammals through the production of chemical compounds. Various reasons like overexploitation, overgrazing, unsustainable development, etc. lead to their extinction and make them threatened species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established to prioritize species conservation, assess threat status, and develop suitable strategies due to the vast diversity of species. The genetic diversity of these threatened species can be determined using various markers. Molecular marker technology aids in analyzing genetic diversity, population structure, and species adaptation, enabling conservation measures and assessing genetic stability in conserved species. In this article, we have reviewed the genetic diversity of six threatened plants of Uttarakhand (Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum heterophyllum, Nardostachys jatamansi, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Zanthoxylum armatum, Saussurea costus) in India as well as in other countries. A review highlighting the use of recent molecular markers like ISSR, SSR, RAPD, etc. to determine genetic diversity. Most of the medicinal plants show diversity less than 0.5, which indicates that the plants are at extreme risk of extinction. The diversity is calculated based on polymorphism percentage. The analysis of genetic diversity between species using ISSR, next-generation sequencing, AFLP, and microsatellite markers reveals low genetic diversity in A. heterophyllum, P. kurroa, N. jatamansi, Z. armatum, D. hatagirea, and S. costus

ANTI MICRO-BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ARJUNARISTA

Arjunarista, an imperative Ayurvedic formulation used for treatment of cardiovascular disorders and prepared by fermenting the decoction of specified plant materials i.e. Arjuna twak (Terminalia arjuna), Draksha phala (Vitis vinifera), Madhuk puspa (Madhuka indica), Dhataki puspa (Woodfordia fruticosa) and Jaggery (Saccharum officinarum). Aim: To assess anti-microbial analysis of Arjunarista. Setting and Design: Arjunarista was prepared as per process of Shandhan kalpana mentioned in manuscripts of Ayurveda with consideration of two variations. These variations were at the level of pot like earthen pot and porcelain pot and addition/deletion of flowers of Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz). Methods and Materials: Micro-biological analysis was done for total bacterial count, total fungal count and specific pathogens. Total bacterial count, total fungal count was done via plate count agar method and potato dextrose agar respectively. Test for specific pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus & Pseudomonas aeruginosa was done by Violet red bile agar, Salmonella Agar and Mueller Hinton Agar (for last two bacteria). Results: Total bacterial count (TBC) was absent in all batches except one sample of batch II and batch IV respectively. Total fungal count (TFC) was not present in all batches except one sample of batch I. Specific pathogens count were not present at all in any batches. Conclusion: Arjunarista showed anti micro-biological activity irrespective of variations taken in study

Protecting Scattered Database by Enforcing Data Preservation Using Data Protection Facilitator

In this paper we are incorporating data preservation in scattered database structure i.e. method of preserving data in scattered database structure and having secure access over it. In this paper data preservation is examined and solution is provided on the aforesaid condition. This paper is a summarized concept of documentation, authorization, access control and encryption that are main points to be taken in consideration in data preservation in scattered database structure. We propose a new method for secure access based on service provider comprising security application. This model set out for safe search on server and user relation. In this paper we used heuristic approach for preservation for scattered database system regarding security, as the importance of secure access is increasing in scattered domains on different issues, in this way we enhanced the database security in Scattered database environment

Environmentally sound system for E-waste: Biotechnological perspectives

The rapid e-waste volume is generating globally. At the same time, different recycling technologies, mainly the mechanical and chemical methods well studied, while the biological method is the most promising approach. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive information about extracting valuable metals from e-waste. In addition, this article outlines the process and key opportunity for extraction of metals, identifies some of the most critical challenges for e-waste environmentally sound management practices, and opinions on possible solutions for exiting challenges, and emphasis on importance of advanced recycling technologies that can be utilized, in order to minimize the environmental impact causes due to improper recycling of e-waste

Synthesis and biological activities of 3,6-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo(3,4-b)-1,3, 4-thiadiazoles

4-Amino-5aryl/heteroaryl substituted 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles, have been prepared from the corresponding aromatic carboxylic acid through a multistep sequence. These trizoles have been made to react with various aromatic acids to yield 3,6-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazole{3,4-b}-1,3,4 thiadiazoles. Elemental analysis IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data has elucidated the structures of all newly synthesized compounds. These compounds have shown significant pharmacological activities and are found to be highly active against various fungi and bacteria

Development and characterization of large-scale simple sequence repeats in jute

Jute is an important crop of the Indian subcontinent and comprises tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) and white jute (C. capsularis). The yield and fiber quality of this crop remained stagnant for many years and could not be improved through conventional plant breeding. Also, no effort has been made to develop molecular markers on a scale required for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to supplement conventional plant breeding. As a first step toward deploying MAS for jute improvement, 2469 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were developed in tossa jute (JRO 524) using four SSR-enriched genomic libraries. A random subset of 100 SSRs (25 SSRs from each library) was used to detect polymorphism between the parental genotypes of each of the two recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations. The RILs are being developed from JRO 524 × PPO4 (for fiber fineness) and JRC 321 × CMU 010 (for lignin content) crosses to prepare molecular maps and conduct quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses. Both SSR length polymorphism and ± polymorphism (null alleles, i.e., presence and absence of specific SSR) were detected; 50 SSRs detected polymorphism between the two genotypes of tossa jute, whereas 45 SSRs detected polymorphism between the two genotypes of white jute. This SSR allelic polymorphism in jute is higher than that reported in other crops and is adequate for construction of genetic maps for QTL analysis. The large-scale SSRs will also prove useful in studying genetic diversity, population structure, and association mapping

Paraspinal Transposition Flap for Reconstruction of Sacral Soft Tissue Defects: A Series of 53 Cases from a Single Institute

Study DesignCase series.PurposeTo describe paraspinal transposition flap for coverage of sacral soft tissue defects.Overview of LiteratureSoft tissue defects in the sacral region pose a major challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Goals of sacral wound reconstruction are to provide a durable skin and soft tissue cover adequate for even large sacral defects; minimize recurrence; and minimize donor site morbidity. Various musculocutaneous and fasciocutanous flaps have been described in the literature.MethodsThe flap was applied in 53 patients with sacral soft tissue defects of diverse etiology. Defects ranged in size from small (6 cm×5 cm) to extensive (21 cm×10 cm). The median age of the patients was 58 years (range, 16-78 years).ResultsThere was no flap necrosis. Primary closure of donor sites was possible in all the cases. The median follow up of the patients was 33 months (range, 4-84 months). The aesthetic outcomes were acceptable. There has been no recurrence of pressure sores.ConclusionsThe authors conclude that paraspinal transposition flap is suitable for reconstruction of large sacral soft tissue defects with minimum morbidity and excellent long term results

Generation of Hidden Optical-Polarization: Squeezing and Non-Classicality

A monochromatic double-mode coherent light endowed with orthogonally polarized photons propagating collinearly is studied in Degenerate Parametric Amplification. Generation of Hidden Optical- Polarized States is shown by non-zero values of Index of Hidden Optical-Polarization. Squeezing in HOPS is demonstrated by recognizing a Squeezing function. The Non-Classical feature of HOPS is observed by 'degree of Hidden Optical-Polarization' which attains non-classical value 'greater than unity'. The dynamical nature of Generation, Squeezing and Non-Classicality are numerically presented.Comment: 14 pages and 02 figure

Structural and functional analysis of rice genome

Rice is an excellent system for plant genomics as it represents a modest size genome of 430 Mb. It feeds more than half the population of the world. Draft sequences of the rice genome, derived by whole-genome shotgun approach at relatively low coverage (4-6 X), were published and the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) declared high quality (>10 X), genetically anchored, phase 2 level sequence in 2002. In addition, phase 3 level finished sequence of chromosomes 1, 4 and 10 (out of 12 chromosomes of rice) has already been reported by scientists from IRGSP consortium. Various estimates of genes in rice place the number at >50,000. Already, over 28,000 full-length cDNAs have been sequenced, most of which map to genetically anchored genome sequence. Such information is very useful in revealing novel features of macroand micro-level synteny of rice genome with other cereals. Microarray analysis is unraveling the identity of rice genes expressing in temporal and spatial manner and should help target candidate genes useful for improving traits of agronomic importance. Simultaneously, functional analysis of rice genome has been initiated by marker-based characterization of useful genes and employing functional knock-outs created by mutation or gene tagging. Integration of this enormous information is expected to catalyze tremendous activity on basic and applied aspects of rice genomics