20 research outputs found

    Transport of Babesia venatorum-infected Ixodes ricinus to Norway by northward migrating passerine birds

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bovine babesiosis is regarded as a limited health problem for Norwegian cows, and the incidence has decreased markedly since the 1930s. Rare cases of babesiosis in splenectomised humans from infection with <it>Babesia divergens </it>and <it>B.venatorum </it>have been described. The objective of this study was to determine whether birds can introduce <it>Babesia</it>-infected ticks. There are between 30 and 85 million passerine birds that migrate to Norway every spring.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Passerine birds were examined for ticks at four bird observatories along the southern Norwegian coast during the spring migrations of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The presence of <it>Babesia </it>was detected in the nymphs of <it>Ixodes ricinus </it>by real-time PCR. Positive samples were confirmed using PCR, cloning and phylogenetic analyses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 512 ticks examined, real-time PCR revealed five to be positive (1.0%). Of these, four generated products that indicated the presence of <it>Babesia </it>spp.; each of these were confirmed to be from <it>Babesia venatorum </it>(EU1). Two of the four <it>B. venatorum</it>-positive ticks were caught from birds having an eastern migratory route (<it>P</it>< 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Birds transport millions of ticks across the North Sea, the Skagerrak and the Kattegat every year. Thus, even with the low prevalence of <it>Babesia</it>-infected ticks, a substantial number of infected ticks will be transported into Norway each year. Therefore, there is a continuous risk for introduction of new <it>Babesia </it>spp. into areas where <it>I. ricinus </it>can survive.</p

    Detection of Babesia divergens in southern Norway by using an immunofluorescence antibody test in cow sera

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The incidence of bovine babesiosis, caused by <it>Babesia divergens </it>(Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) has decreased markedly since the 1930 s, but may re-emerge as a consequence of climate change and changes in legislation and pasturing practices. This is a potentially serious disease, with both economical and animal welfare consequences. Therefore, there is a need to survey the distribution of <it>B. divergens</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We tested sera from 306 healthy pastured cows from 24 farms along the southern Norwegian coast by using an indirect immunofluorescence IgG antibody test (IFAT). Fractions of seropositive cows were compared by calculating 95% CI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results of this test showed that 27% of the sera were positive for <it>B. divergens </it>antibodies. The fraction of antibody-positive sera that we detected showed a two-humped distribution, with a high fraction of positives being found in municipalities in the western and eastern parts of the study area, while the municipalities between these areas had few or no positive serum samples.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Neither the farmers' observations nor the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System give an adequate picture of the distribution of bovine babesiosis. Serological testing of cows by using IFAT is a convenient way of screening for the presence of <it>B. divergens </it>in an area.</p

    Dispersal of ticks and tick-borne pathogensby birds : Dynamics of birds' transport of ticks to Norway

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    FlÄtt (Ixodidae) er viktige sykdomsvektorer for dyr og mennesker. I rike, tempererte land er det de humanmedisinske aspektene som har mest oppmerksomhet, men i tropiske og subtropiske land har flÄttbÄrne sykdommer enorme Þkonomske konsekvenser for husdyrholdet. SkogflÄttencefalitt er en ny sykdom i Norge, og incidensen av bÄde Lyme borreliose og skogflÄttencefalitt har Þkt i Nordeuropa i lÞpet av de siste tiÄrene. FlÄtt lever av Ä suge blod fra virveldyr. De har svÊrt begrenset evne til Ä forflytte seg selv, og er avhengige av sine verter for Ä kunne spre seg. Dette er en studie av fuglers evne til Ä spre flÄtt og flÄttbÄrne sykdommer over lange distanser, og pÄ tvers av geografiske barrierer. Fire fuglestasjoner ble inkludert i studien: Lista, pÄ sydvestkysten av Norge og tre mer Þstlige kystÞyer: Jomfruland, Store FÊrder og AkerÞya. Under vÄrtrekket fra 2003 til 2005 ble 9768 spurvefugler undersÞkt for flÄtt. Av disse hadde 713 fugler til sammen 517 larver og 1440 nymfer av flÄtt. Turdus-artene hadde oftest og mest flÄtt, etterfulgt av rÞdstrupe og jernspurv, arter som finner mat pÄ bakken. Med unntak av ti nymfer og én larve var alle flÄttene Ixodes ricinus. Det var syv nymfer av Hyalomma rufipes og en larve av Dermacentor-art, som mÄ vÊre en ny art for Norge. Prevalens og antall av flÄtt varierte med lokalitet, Är og mÄned. Svarttrost som ble fanget pÄ Lista og Jomfruland, hvor det er mange flÄtt, hadde mer flÄtt enn pÄ de andre lokalitetene, og det tyder pÄ at noen av flÄttene var kommet pÄ etter ankomst. En lignende studie som ble gjort pÄ Store FÊrder og Akeröya i 1965-70 fant flÄtt pÄ 4.2 % av fuglene, mens i denne studien var det 6.9 % pÄ de samme lokalitetene (P<0.001), hvilket tyder pÄ en Þkning. Det ble funnet Borrelia spp. pÄ 70/513 nymfer (19 B. afzelii, 38 B. garinii, 2 B. turdi og 11 B. valaisiana) og pÄ 14/172 larver (10 B. garinii, 1 B. turdi og 3 B. valaisiana). B. turdi er ny i Europa, men er tidligere funnet pÄ I. turdi, en flÄttart som parasitterer fugler i Japan. FlÄtt som ble fanget pÄ Turdus-artene hadde hÞyere Borrelia-prevalens enn de andre spurvefuglene. Turdus-artene er derfor spesielt viktige. Den hÞye prevalensen kan bÄde skyldes at fuglene er infisert med Borrelia og at flÄttene smitter hverandre ved Ä spise sammen. FlÄtt som spiser sammen med andre infiserte flÄtt hadde Þkt sannsynlighet for Ä vÊre infisert med den samme Borrelia-arten. FlÄtt som var samlet fra fugler Lista hadde mindre Borrelia enn flÄtt fra de mer Þstlige lokalitetene. Forskjeller i Borrelia­-prevalens i flÄtt fra fugler kan relateres til fuglenes trekkruter. Sera fra 306 friske kuer som gikk pÄ utmarksbeite pÄ 24 gÄrder langs Agder- og Telemarkskysten ble testet for Babesia divergens med immunfluoresens-antistofftest. Det var ca 50 % positive vest i Vest Agder og Þst i Aust Agder og i Telemark, men bare ca 5 % i omrÄdet mellom. Bovin babesiose er en sykdom i tilbakegang i Norge, men B. divergens blir muligens kontinuerlig gjeninnfÞrt av fugler. Ved hjelp av 17 mikrosatellitter fra I. ricinus ble Mendels lover brukt til Ä vise at kull av flÄtt hadde mer enn én far, noe som vil gi en stÞrre genetisk variasjon i avkommet enn om det bare hadde vÊrt én. Dette vil kunne gjÞre kolonisering av et nytt omrÄde lettere med bare en eller noen fÄ fullspiste flÄtthunner, innfÞrt av for eksempel fugler. Det er vanskelig Ä bevise at fugler har forÄrsaket innfÞring av nye flÄttarter eller flÄttbÄrne sykdommer noe sted, men denne studien viser at de er fullt i stand til Ä gjÞre det, og det er vanskelig Ä finne noen annen mulig forklaring pÄ at skogflÄttencefalitt er blitt innfÞrt i Norge

    Solkrem og maligne melanomer

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    G.: Constraint Technology Applied to Forest Treatment Scheduling, in

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    Forest treatment planning and scheduling is an important part of forest resource management. It is a complex task requiring expertise and integration of multi-disciplinary fields. In this paper, we outline a real life problem from the ECOPLAN project called the Long Term Forest Treatment Scheduling Problem (LTFTSP). A review of optimization techniques applicable to forest treatment problems in general is presented, and contrasted with our case. The review suggests that long term scheduling is difficult because of the prohibitive size and complexity inherent to the problem. Based on experience from the successful resolution of a simplified problem, we advocate the use of iterative improvement techniques as a solution strategy. Iterative improvement techniques will in general benefit from high quality initial solutions. We show how a Constraint Satisfaction Problem formulation of the LTFTSP can be used to generate initial solutions. A key element to success is the use of a forest simulator for knowledge based definition of variable domains. The initial solution generator will be used as a module in an integrated forest treatment scheduling system which is under development in the ECOPLAN project

    Phylogenetic Lineages and Postglacial Dispersal Dynamics Characterize the Genetic Structure of the Tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Northwest Europe

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    Dispersal and gene flow are important mechanisms affecting the dynamics of vectors and their pathogens. Here, patterns of genetic diversity were analyzed in many North European populations of the tick, Ixodes ricinus. Population sites were selected within and between areas separated by geographical barriers in order to evaluate the importance of tick transportation by birds in producing genetic connectivity across open sea and mountain ranges. The phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial control region and the cytochrome b gene revealed two distinct clades with supported sub-clades, with three genetic lineages: GB and WNo associated with Great Britain and western Norway respectively, and Eu with a wider distribution across continental Europe in agreement with much lower efficiency of tick dispersal by birds than by large mammals. The results suggest different ancestry of I. ricinus colonizing Britain and the rest of northern Europe, possibly from different glacial refuges, while ticks from western Norway and continental Europe share a more recent common ancestry. Demographic history modeling suggests a period of strong increase in tick abundance coincident with progression of the European Neolithic culture, long after their post-glacial colonization of NW Europe
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