Microstrip Coupled Band Pass Filter using Parallel Coupled Lines used for EMI Reduction

The use of BPF is in telecommunications wireless systems. The signal to be transmitted and which they are received are filtered at a center frequency having some significant bandwidth. This paper comprises a brief knowledge related to designing of a band pass filter (BPF) using microstrip parallel coupled line structure for reduction of noise and EMI. The band pass filter has a center frequency of 2.45GHz having less insertion loss and more than 20dB return loss in its pass band having more than 5% moderate bandwidth is successfully designed.The center frequency is selected such that it is mainly used in WLAN network or high speed wireless broadband is configured to transmit data voice and video IP because system requires more bandwidth. The layout is designed such that centre frequency is 2.45GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 200MHz and impedance resonator length of each coupled line is seperated such that impedance is adjusted to 50Ω exactly.Two sections are mainly given in design: two coupled lines distinguished by a non-uniform line resonator.The impedance resonators gives a separate resonance to obtain the passband region or response.The simulation is perform out on a HFSS software

Biologically Inspired Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Disaster Situation

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays a crucial role in many industrial, commercial, and social applications. However, increasing the number of nodes in a WSN increases network complexity, making it harder to acquire all relevant data in a timely way. By assuming the end node as a base station, we devised an Artificial Ant Routing (AAR) method that overcomes such network difficulties and finds an ideal routing that gives an easy way to reach the destination node in our situation. The goal of our research is to establish WSN parameters that are based on the biologically inspired Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method. The proposed AAR provides the alternating path in case of congestion and high traffic requirement. In the event of node failures in a wireless network, the same algorithm enhances the efficiency of the routing path and acts as a multipath data transmission approach. We simulated network factors including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput, and Energy Consumption to achieve this. The major objective is to extend the network lifespan while data is being transferred by avoiding crowded areas and conserving energy by using a small number of nodes. The result shows that AAR is having improved performance parameters as compared to LEACH, LEACH-C, and FCM-DS-ACO

Expression of the erythropoietin receptor by germline-derived cells - further support for a potential developmental link between the germline and hematopoiesis

BACKGROUND: Expressing several markers of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), the rare population of quiescent, bone marrow (BM)-residing very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) can be specified like PGCs into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These two properties of VSELs support the possibility of a developmental origin of HSPCs from migrating PGCs. METHODS: To address a potential link between VSELs and germ line cells we analyzed by RT-PCR and FACS expression of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) on murine bone marrow- and human umbilical cord blood-derived VSELs, murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and human ovarian cancer cells. A proper gating strategy and immunostaining excluded from FACS analysis potential contamination by erythroblasts. Furthermore, the transwell chemotaxis assays as well as adhesion and signaling studies were performed to demonstrate functionality of erythropoietin - EpoR axes on these cells. RESULTS: We report here that murine and human VSELs as well as murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and ovarian cancer cell lines share a functional EpoR. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide more evidence of a potential developmental link between germline cells, VSELs, and HSCs and sheds more light on the developmental hierarchy of the stem cell compartment in adult tissues

Effects of Second-Generation Antidepressants on Cognitive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: Second-generation antidepressants are currently the first-line of treatment for depression and are widely used. The aim of this study was to determine the effects on cognition by second-generation antidepressants through a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent scientific literature. Methods: Electronic search in Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Embase for English-language abstracts from 1980 through May 2014, supplemented with a manual search from reference lists of relevant review articles was carried out to identify eligible studies. Studies were included if they met the following selection criteria: Population: adults (age≥18) with diagnosis of depression; Intervention: second-generation antidepressants (SGAD) marketed in the United States based on the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) 2014 drug classification; Comparator: placebo or second-generation antidepressants; Outcomes: attention, processing speed, executive function and memory; and Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and observational studies. Data management and screening procedures were carried out by using RefWorks (ProQuest) and Microsoft Excel workbook. Data extraction and synthesis was conducted by the primary author using a data extraction form specially designed for this study. Studies were sorted according to type of neurocognitive test used and a minimum of 3 studies per test per study design type was required in order to conduct further systematic review and meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by Cochrane risk of bias tool. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled effects of antidepressant use on cognitive functioning. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 testing. Egger's regression test and Trim and Fill method were used to examine for the presence of potential publication bias along with analysis of funnel plots. All analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, v2.2 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ) Results: A total of 4,274 abstracts were screened; 342 were retrieved for a full-text review. Of the reviewed full text articles, 17 (13 RCTs and 4 Observational) studies involving a total of 2,437 depressed patients) met the inclusion criteria. Studies were of optimum quality as assessed by the Risk of bias tool. Out of the 43 unique neurocognitive test; Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Stroop Color Word test (SCWT), Choice Reaction Time Task (CRT) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were the most common tests used across the studies which fulfilled the selection criteria (minimum of 3 studies per test per study design type) for further systematic review and meta-analysis. Six studies were found eligible for inclusion into the meta-analysis for MMSE and the results were not significant with (SMD=0.126; 95%CI -0.046, 0.298; p > 0.05). There was no heterogeneity (I2=0%, p= 0.975) and publication bias (Egger’s regression intercept (B0= 0.29359; 95%CI -1.04627, 1.63344; p > 0.05). Insufficient and inconsistent reporting of results involving SCWT, CRT and DSST prevented meta-analysis of study findings; hence, a systematic review was performed. Four studies were found eligible for SCWT out of which two studies with positive findings which had a combined sample size of almost 13 times that of the non-significant study, which suggests improvement in executive function with second-generation antidepressants compared to placebo. The systematic review conducted on four studies which had used CRT suggests positive results with one study with sample size 30 times that of the non-significant study showing improvements in attention and processing speed in depressed patients treated with low dose second-generation antidepressants. The systematic review conducted on three studies which had used Digit Symbol Substitution Test suggested mixed evidence with two studies showing significant improvement in attention and processing speed with SMs compared to placebo while one study suggesting otherwise with SNRIs. Conclusions: Meta-analysis of studies using MMSE suggests that SGADs do not affect global cognition but might affect other specific domains. Systematic reviews on studies involving SCWT, CRT and DSST suggest variable evidence regarding the effects of second-generation antidepressants on specific domains of cognition. However, there were indications of possible improvements in executive function, attention and processing speed with SGADs compared with placebo. Further studies involving reliable and widely used neurocognitive tests reporting necessary statistical detail for computing effect sizes are needed to estimate and quantify the effects of second-generation antidepressants on cognition.Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department o

Inter library loan service in Agricultural Libraries in India

134-138<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;="" mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">Importance of inter-library loan service is stressed. Inter-library loan relations of the agricultural libraries are studied. The type and number of documents borrowed and lent is discussed including the response. Certain steps for effective inter library loan service are suggested.</span