Survey on Multipath QoS Routing Protocols in MANET

ABSTRACT: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are infrastructure less wireless network in which nodes communicate through radio waves. Routing in MANET is a tough aspect because of its dynamic topology. To deliver the data to the destination is not the only requirement. It should reach the destination fulfilling the quality of service (QoS) requirements. To provide QoS is challenging in MANET because of the dynamic nature of nodes. This paper presents an overview of multipath QoS routing protocols

Evaluation of the protective effect of Prunus amagdylus against aluminium chloride induced neurochemical alterations and spatial memory deficits in rats

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Prunus amagdylus nut kernels against aluminium chloride induced spatial memory deficits in rats.Methods: Plant material was extracted, and extracts were evaluated for anti-oxidants by DPPH method. Animals were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group 1 was normal group and was kept undisturbed. Group 2 was administered with Aluminium Chloride (4.2mg/kg i.p) for 21 successive days. Group 3 and 4 were pre-administered with Prunus amygdalus methanolic extract at dose 0.5 and 1mg/kg/ p.o) one hour prior to aluminium chloride administration. The memory parameters (both acquisition and retrieval) were evaluated using Morris water maze. After behavioural studies, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and braintissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity were measured. Brain tissues from all the groups were histopathologically evaluated using Haematoxylin-eosin staining.Results: Administration of Aluminium chloride resulted in severe memory deficits and neurochemical alterations as was indicated by significant increase in Transfer Latency (TL) time on Morris water maze and increase in the brain tissue TBARS levels in the control group animals. There was significant reduction in the GSH and catalase levels indicating decreased anti-oxidant defence. Histopathologically, control group animal brain tissue showed signs of neuroinflammation. All behavioural and neurochemical and histopathological changes were prevented to a significant extent in the animal groups pre-treated with Prunus amygdalus extract.Conclusions: Methanolic extract of Prunus amaygdalus possesses protective activity against aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity and associated memory deficits

Comparison of empirical use of low dose aspirin and enoxaprin in the treatment of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss

Background: Recurrent pregnancy losses have commonly been defined as three or more consecutive spontaneous pregnancy losses. About 1-2% of women suffer from recurrent miscarriages. The cause is multifactorial such as uterine anomalies, endocrine disorders, immunological causes, infections, chromosomal anomalies and maternal autoimmune diseases. In 50-60% of cases recurrent pregnancy losses, the cause remains unclear. Objective of this study was to compare the maternal and fetal outcome in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss treated with LMWH (Enoxaparin) vs Aspirin during pregnancy.Methods: Women with 3 or more pregnancy losses, aged between 18-40 years, booked for antenatal care and delivery in our hospital between January 2012 and December 2016 were followed till 6 months after delivery.Results: A total number of 146 women were assessed for eligibility. We had 62 women in Group A (aspirin group) and 84 women in Group E (enoxaparin group). Enoxaparin was given to all those ladies who had taken aspirin in previous pregnancies with no live outcome. Good neonatal outcome was observed with Enoxaparin.Conclusions: Live birth rates did not show significant difference between the two study groups. But empirical use of enoxaparin in patients with no live birth who have taken low dose aspirin in previous pregnancy had shown improved results, so enoxaparin should be used empirically as a first line agent in such cases

Zika virus E protein modulates functions of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes: implications on blood-brain barrier properties

Neurotropic viruses can cross the otherwise dynamically regulated blood-brain barrier (BBB) and affect the brain cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped neurotropic Flavivirus known to cause severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis and fetal microcephaly. In the present study, we employed human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and astrocytes derived from human progenitors to establish a physiologically relevant BBB model. We used this model to investigate the effects of ZIKV envelope (E) protein on properties of cells comprising the BBB. E protein is the principal viral protein involved in interaction with host cell surface receptors, facilitating the viral entry. Our findings show that the presence of ZIKV E protein leads to activation of both hBMECs and astrocytes. In hBMECs, we observed a decrease in the expression of crucial endothelial junction proteins such as ZO-1, Occludin and VE-Cadherin, which are vital in establishment and maintenance of the BBB. Consequently, the ZIKV E protein induced changes in BBB integrity and permeability. We also found upregulation of genes involved in leukocyte recruitment along with increased proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines upon exposure to E protein. Additionally, the E protein also led to astrogliosis, evident from the elevated expression of GFAP and Vimentin. Both cell types comprising the BBB exhibited inflammatory response upon exposure to E protein which may influence viral access into the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent infection of other CNS cells. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the transient changes that occur at the site of BBB upon ZIKV infection

Sustainable biosurfactant production from secondary feedstock—recent advances, process optimization and perspectives

Biosurfactants have garnered increased attention lately due to their superiority of their properties over fossil-derived counterparts. While the cost of production remains a significant hurdle to surpass synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants have been anticipated to gain a larger market share in the coming decades. Among these, glycolipids, a type of low-molecular-weight biosurfactant, stand out for their efficacy in reducing surface and interfacial tension, which made them highly sought-after for various surfactant-related applications. Glycolipids are composed of hydrophilic carbohydrate moieties linked to hydrophobic fatty acid chains through ester bonds that mainly include rhamnolipids, trehalose lipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids. This review highlights the current landscape of glycolipids and covers specific glycolipid productivity and the diverse range of products found in the global market. Applications such as bioremediation, food processing, petroleum refining, biomedical uses, and increasing agriculture output have been discussed. Additionally, the latest advancements in production cost reduction for glycolipid and the challenges of utilizing second-generation feedstocks for sustainable production are also thoroughly examined. Overall, this review proposes a balance between environmental advantages, economic viability, and societal benefits through the optimized integration of secondary feedstocks in biosurfactant production

Numerical errors and accuracy-efficiency tradeoff in frequency and time-domain integral equation solvers

textThis thesis presents a detailed study of the numerical errors and the associated accuracy-efficiency tradeoffs encountered in the solution of frequency- and time-domain integral equations. For frequency-domain integral equations, the potential integrals contain singular Green’s function kernels and the resulting singular and near-singular integrals must be carefully evaluated, using singularity extraction or cancellation techniques, to ensure the accuracy of the method-of-moments impedance matrix elements. This thesis presents a practical approach based on the progressive Gauss-Patterson quadrature rules for implementing the radial-angular-transform singularity-cancellation method such that all singular and near-singular integrals are evaluated to an arbitrary pre-specified accuracy. Numerical results for various scattering problems in the high- and low-frequency regimes are presented to quantify the efficiency of the method and contrast it to the singularity extraction method. For time-domain integral equations, the singular Green’s function kernels are functions of space and time and sub-domain temporal basis functions rather than entire-domain sinusoidal/Fourier basis functions are used to represent the time variation of currents/fields. This thesis also investigates the accuracy-efficiency tradeoff encountered when choosing sub-domain temporal basis functions by contrasting two prototypical ones: The causal piecewise polynomial interpolatory functions, sometimes called shifted Lagrange interpolants, and the band-limited interpolatory functions based on approximate prolate spheroidal wave functions. It is observed that the former is more efficient for low to moderate accuracy levels and the latter achieves higher, but extrapolation-limited, accuracy levels.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Florbetaben Amyloid Imaging for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

Objective: To determine using amyloid Positron Emission Tomographic (PET) imaging, whether amyloid burden indicated by Florbetaben (FBB) radiotracer, could predict cognitive decline in the Parkinson’s disease individuals with Mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Methods: In study, movement disorder society (MDS) criteria were used to classify 50 participant with PD-MCI. All subjects underwent clinical evaluation, Structural 3T Magnetic resonance imaging and FBB PET imaging, along with cognitive assessments. The PET images were assessed clinically and the Standard uptake value ratio (SUVRs) were obtained for Region of interest (ROI) analysis, linear regression and multivariate analysis to asses association with cognitive and clinical measure. Results: At baseline, among the 50 scans, 22 % clinically FBB-positive. The Group-by- Cognition showed an association between amyloid deposition in regions: neocortical, frontal and temporal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate, precuneus and putamen with the global cognitive Z score, MoCa and Parkinson’s disease dementia "risk" score (PDDRS). We also the pattern of amyloid accumulation in PD-MCI using multivariate analysis ( principal Component analysis). We showed an association between our principal components with the clinical classification of positivity and the neuropsychological score. PCs showed worsening of cognitive impairment in the clinically FBB positive group. In the context of FBB negative group there was no association with the cognitive decline. Conclusions: FBB-PET imaging allows in vivo visualization of amyloid deposition in PD-MCI. At baseline measurements, our study show that amyloid accumulation could potential contribute to cognitive deterioration in PD-MCI