Effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices sur la faune sauvage

Human leisure activities are becoming more and more various and widespread, which may increase their potential consequences for wildlife in terms of disturbance. This paper summarizes existing knowledge on the effect of non-consumptive (i.e. not hunting nor fishing) leisure activities on wildlife. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive literature review but through the selection of relevant literature to examine the various aspects of the subject. First, we present the different definitions of disturbance, list the types of activities most likely to affect wildlife, and the species or taxonomic groups generally considered as being the most susceptible. Then, we summarize the various means of measuring the effects of disturbance, highlighting the fact that, though generally most obvious, changes in animal behaviour are not necessarily the most appropriate index of disturbance. Then we present the various scales at which disturbance has been studied, from individual behaviour to population dynamics. Finally, we suggest further research priorities, especially the recognized need for more experimental studies and studies of long-term effects of disturbance on individual fitness, hence population dynamics, since it is at this scale that appropriate management measures of disturbance have to be taken in the futureLes activités de loisirs sont de plus en plus variées et répandues, ce qui peut augmenter leurs effets en termes de dérangement de la faune sauvage. Dans cet article, nous présentons une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur l'effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices (ne prenant pas en compte la chasse et la pêche, dont les effets ont été largement étudiés par ailleurs) pour les espèces sauvages. L'objectif n'est pas de fournir une revue exhaustive de la littérature, mais plutôt de présenter une sélection des publications pertinentes sur les différents aspects du sujet. Nous présentons d'abord les différentes définitions de la notion de dérangement, listons les activités reconnues comme les plus dérangeantes et les espèces ou groupes taxinomiques considérés comme les plus sensibles. La définition du dérangement que nous retenons ici est « toute déviation du comportement normal en réponse à des événements inattendus à proximité d'un animal ». Une grande variété d'activités de loisirs peuvent entraîner un dérangement de la faune sauvage, en particulier celles employant des véhicules à moteur ou celles amenant un contact rapproché entre le pratiquant et la faune sauvage (que ce rapprochement soit recherché ou non). La littérature démontre que tous les groupes animaux peuvent potentiellement être affectés par les activités de loisirs, même si c'est chez les oiseaux et les mammifères que le phénomène a été le plus étudié. Suite à ces définitions et revues initiales, nous résumons les différents modes de mesure du dérangement, mettant en exergue le fait que le changement de comportement des animaux, même s'il est un critère souvent évident à mesurer, n'est pas forcément le meilleur indicateur du dérangement. Car les individus commencent généralement à ressentir ses effets avant de modifier leurs activités ou de quitter la zone dérangée. Nous présentons ensuite les différentes échelles auxquelles le dérangement a été étudié, du comportement individuel à la dynamique des populations, les effets sur les populations étant évidemment les plus difficiles à mesurer, mais aussi les plus cruciaux à long terme. Nous suggérons donc quelques perspectives de recherche, en particulier le besoin reconnu de travaux expérimentaux et sur les conséquences du dérangement à long terme pour la valeur sélective des individus, donc la dynamique des populations. C'est en effet à cette échelle que doivent être prises les mesures de gestion adéquates dans le futur

A case of phage therapy against pandrug-resistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a 12-year-old lung-transplanted cystic fibrosis patient

Bacteriophages are a promising therapeutic strategy among cystic fibrosis and lung-transplanted patients, considering the high frequency of colonization/infection caused by pandrug-resistant bacteria. However, little clinical data are available regarding the use of phages for infections with Achromobacter xylosoxidans. A 12-year-old lung-transplanted cystic fibrosis patient received two rounds of phage therapy because of persistent lung infection with pandrug-resistant A. xylosoxidans. Clinical tolerance was perfect, but initial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) still grew A. xylosoxidans. The patient's respiratory condition slowly improved and oxygen therapy was stopped. Low-grade airway colonization by A. xylosoxidans persisted for months before samples turned negative. No re-colonisation occurred more than two years after phage therapy was performed and imipenem treatment was stopped. Whole genome sequencing indicated that the eight A. xylosoxidans isolates, collected during phage therapy, belonged to four delineated strains, whereby one had a stop mutation in a gene for a phage receptor. The dynamics of lung colonisation were documented by means of strain-specific qPCRs on different BALs. We report the first case of phage therapy for A. xylosoxidans lung infection in a lung-transplanted patient. The dynamics of airway colonization was more complex than deduced from bacterial culture, involving phage susceptible as well as phage resistant strains

Development of a Multivariate Prediction Model for Early-Onset Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome and Restrictive Allograft Syndrome in Lung Transplantation.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction and its main phenotypes, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), are major causes of mortality after lung transplantation (LT). RAS and early-onset BOS, developing within 3 years after LT, are associated with particularly inferior clinical outcomes. Prediction models for early-onset BOS and RAS have not been previously described. LT recipients of the French and Swiss transplant cohorts were eligible for inclusion in the SysCLAD cohort if they were alive with at least 2 years of follow-up but less than 3 years, or if they died or were retransplanted at any time less than 3 years. These patients were assessed for early-onset BOS, RAS, or stable allograft function by an adjudication committee. Baseline characteristics, data on surgery, immunosuppression, and year-1 follow-up were collected. Prediction models for BOS and RAS were developed using multivariate logistic regression and multivariate multinomial analysis. Among patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria, we identified 149 stable, 51 BOS, and 30 RAS subjects. The best prediction model for early-onset BOS and RAS included the underlying diagnosis, induction treatment, immunosuppression, and year-1 class II donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). Within this model, class II DSAs were associated with BOS and RAS, whereas pre-LT diagnoses of interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with RAS. Although these findings need further validation, results indicate that specific baseline and year-1 parameters may serve as predictors of BOS or RAS by 3 years post-LT. Their identification may allow intervention or guide risk stratification, aiming for an individualized patient management approach

Effects of non-consumptive leisure disturbance to wildlife

Human leisure activities are becoming more and more various and widespread, which may increase their potential consequences for wildlife in terms of disturbance. This paper summarizes existing knowledge on the effect of non-consumptive (i. e. not hunting nor fishing) leisure activities on wildlife. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive literature review but through the selection of relevant literature to examine the various aspects of the subject. First, we present the different definitions of disturbance, list the types of activities most likely to affect wildlife, and the species or taxonomic groups generally considered as being the most susceptible. Then, we summarize the various means of measuring the effects of disturbance, highlighting the fact that, though generally most obvious, changes in animal behaviour are not necessarily the most appropriate index of disturbance. Then we present the various scales at which disturbance has been studied, from individual behaviour to population dynamics. Finally, we suggest further research priorities, especially the recognized need for more experi- mental studies and studies of long-term effects of disturbance on individual fitness, hence population dynamics, since it is at this scale that appropriate management measures of disturbance have to be taken in the future.Effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices sur la faune sauvage. — Les activités de loisirs sont de plus en plus variées et répandues, ce qui peut augmenter leurs effets en termes de dérangement de la faune sauvage. Dans cet article, nous présentons une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur l’effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices (ne prenant pas en compte la chasse et la pêche, dont les effets ont été largement étudiés par ailleurs) pour les espèces sauvages. L’objectif n’est pas de fournir une revue exhaustive de la littérature, mais plutôt de présenter une sélection des publications pertinentes sur les différents aspects du sujet. Nous présentons d’abord les différentes définitions de la notion de dérangement, listons les activités reconnues comme les plus dérangeantes et les espèces ou groupes taxinomiques considérés comme les plus sensibles. La définition du dérangement que nous retenons ici est «toute déviation du comportement normal en réponse à des événements inattendus à proximité d’un animal » . Une grande variété d’activités de loisirs peuvent entraîner un dérangement de la faune sauvage, en particulier celles employant des véhicules à moteur ou celles amenant un contact rapproché entre le pratiquant et la faune sauvage (que ce rapprochement soit recherché ou non). La littérature démontre que tous les groupes animaux peuvent potentiellement être affectés par les activités de loisirs, même si c’est chez les oiseaux et les mammifères que le phénomène a été le plus étudié. Suite à ces définitions et revues initiales, nous résumons les différents modes de mesure du dérangement, mettant en exergue le fait que le changement de comportement des animaux, même s’il est un critère souvent évident à mesurer, n’est pas forcément le meilleur indicateur du dérangement. Car les individus commencent généralement à ressentir ses effets avant de modifier leurs activités ou de quitter la zone dérangée. Nous présentons ensuite les différentes échelles auxquelles le dérangement a été étudié, du comportement individuel à la dynamique des populations, les effets sur les populations étant évidemment les plus difficiles à mesurer, mais aussi les plus cruciaux à long terme. Nous suggérons donc quelques perspectives de recherche, en particulier le besoin reconnu de travaux expérimentaux et sur les conséquences du dérangement à long terme pour la valeur sélective des individus, donc la dynamique des populations. C’est en effet à cette échelle que doivent être prises les mesures de gestion adéquates dans le futur.Blanc Romain, Guillemain Matthieu, Mouronval Jean-baptiste, Desmonts Diane, Fritz Hervé. Effects of non-consumptive leisure disturbance to wildlife. In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 61, n°2, 2006. pp. 117-133

Population pharmacokinetic modelling and design of a Bayesian estimator for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in lung transplantation.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus is a major support to patient management and could help improve the outcome of lung transplant recipients, by minimizing the risk of rejections and infections. However, despite the wide use of tacrolimus as part of maintenance immunosuppressive regimens after lung transplantation, little is known about its pharmacokinetics in this population. Better knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in lung transplant recipients, and the development of tools dedicated to its therapeutic drug monitoring, could thus help improve their outcome. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were (i) to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in lung transplant recipients, including the influence of biological and pharmacogenetic covariates; and (ii) to develop a Bayesian estimator of the tacrolimus area under the blood concentration-time curve from time zero to 12 hours (AUC(12)) for its therapeutic drug monitoring in lung transplant recipients. METHODS: A population pharmacokinetic model was developed by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling using NONMEM® version VI, from 182 tacrolimus full concentration-time profiles collected in 78 lung transplant recipients within the first year post-transplantation. Patient genotypes for the cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) A6986G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were characterized by TaqMan allelic discrimination. Patients were divided into an index dataset (n = 125 profiles) and a validation dataset (n = 57 profiles). A Bayesian estimator was derived from the final model using the index dataset, in order to determine the tacrolimus AUC(12) on the basis of a limited number of samples. The predictive performance of the Bayesian estimator was evaluated in the validation dataset by comparing the estimated AUC(12) with the trapezoidal AUC(12). RESULTS: Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics were described using a two-compartment model with Erlang absorption and first-order elimination. The model included cystic fibrosis (CF) and CYP3A5 polymorphism as covariates. The relative bioavailability in patients with CF was approximately 60% of the relative bioavailability observed in patients without CF, and the transfer rate constant between the transit compartments was 2-fold smaller in patients with CF than in those without CF (3.32 vs 7.06 h-1). The apparent clearance was 40% faster in CYP3A5 expressers than in non-expressers (24.5 vs 17.5 L/h). Good predictive performance was obtained with the Bayesian estimator developed using the final model and concentrations measured at 40 minutes and at 2 and 4 hours post-dose, as shown by the mean bias (1.1%, 95% CI -1.4, 3.7) and imprecision (9.8%) between the estimated and the trapezoidal AUC(12). The bias was >20% in 1.8% of patients. CONCLUSION: Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that lung transplant patients with CF displayed lower bioavailability and a smaller transfer rate constant between transit compartments than those without CF, while the apparent clearance was faster in CYP3A5 expressers than in non-expressers. The Bayesian estimator developed in this study provides an accurate prediction of tacrolimus exposure in lung transplant patients, with and without CF, throughout the first year post-transplantation. This tool may allow routine tacrolimus dose individualization and may be used to conduct clinical trials on therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus after lung transplantation

First human facial retransplantation: 30-month follow-up

International audienceBackgroundSince the first successful facial transplantation in 2005, the benefits of this procedure in terms of aesthetics, functionality, and quality of life have been firmly established. However, despite immunosuppressive treatment, long-term survival of the allograft might be compromised by chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR), leading to irreversible necrosis of the tissue. In the absence of therapeutic options, this complication is inevitably life-threatening.MethodsWe report facial retransplantation in a man, 8 years after his first facial transplantation because of extensive disfigurement from type 1 neurofibromatosis and 6 weeks after complete loss of his allograft due to severe CAMR. We describe the chronology of immune-related problems that culminated in allograft necrosis and the eventual loss of the facial transplant, the desensitisation protocol used for this highly immunosensitised recipient, the surgical technicalities of the procedure, the specific psychological management of this patient, and the results from follow-up at 30 months.FindingsAlthough the patient had a complicated postoperative course with numerous immunological, infectious, cardiorespiratory, and psychological events, he was discharged after a hospital stay of almost 1 year. He has since been able to re-integrate into his community with acceptable restoration of his quality of life.InterpretationThis clinical report of the first documented human facial retransplantation is proof-of-concept that the loss of a facial transplant after CAMR can be mitigated successfully by retransplantation combined with an aggressive desensitisation process

Understanding ecological functionning of ecological habitats, and building New Indicators based on Genetic Tools to assess their GES (Good Environmental Status).

International audienceThe coralligenous is a typical Mediterranean marine habitat and hosts the highest concentration of biodiversity of this sea. Paradoxically, unlike Posidonia meadows, it is poorly studied. Like the famous tropical coral reefs, it is a complex biogenic habitat, based on encrusting red algae (numerous metazoan phyla also participate to bio-construction)(Ballesteros 2006). Concerning societal interest coralligenous habitats are known to be very attractive diving spots and but the importance of this ecosystems for fisheries The societal interest relies on the setup of innovative, cost-effective and accurate methods for biodiversity characterization and monitoring, based on genetic tools rigorously inter-calibrated with traditional taxonomy and photo-quadrate approaches. The aim of this project is to improve our understanding of its functioning and resilience capacity, and establish biodiversity and connectivity patterns among localities and ecological profiles, providing information for rationalizing the design of Marine Protected Area networks and monitoring methods. To reach this goal, synergy of interdisciplinarity will be used, combining population genetics, community ecology, microbial ecology and physical oceanography. This requests four tasks, partly using the same data, but different analysis methods. 1- Establishment of the taxonomic composition of the engineer corallinale algae. Several cryptic species in red algae were revealed by genetic markers (cf. B-4). Molecular tools (IMBE) and classical taxonomy (Dr Marc Verlaque, MIO) will be used 2- Establishment of the species composition for numerous small quadrates of coralligenous using meta-barcoding in different ecological profiles 3- Population structure and phylogeography of two selected taxa: a red alga Lithophyllum spp. and a bryozoan Myriapora truncata, on the CIGESMED sampling network, contextualized by ecological factors (cf above). 4- Synthesis and Comparisons: Propose new GES (good environmental status) indicators for the coralligenous and biodiversity management rules