Research on bats (Chiroptera) from the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil: annotated species list and bibliographic review

The state of São Paulo has a high number of mammal species, a great part of those is represented by bats. In this study I conducted historical review about the research on bats from the state of São Paulo and provide the first annotated species list and bibliographic review for the state. A total of 79 extant species belonging to eight families of bats occur in São Paulo. At least seven species are represented by fossils, two of these are extinct. I also present new records of rarely sampled species in the state such as Diaemus youngii, Diphylla ecaudata, Saccopteryx leptura, Thyroptera tricolor and Micronycteris microtis. Three species, Micronycteris brosseti, Mimon crenulatum and Uroderma bilobatum were removed from the list. Also is confirmed the occurrence of Histiotus montanus and Molossus aztecus in the state

ADDENDUM A MARSH (2014): Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823 Y Pithecia inusta Spix, 1823 SON SINÓNIMOS

The Saki monkeys, genus Pithecia Desmarest, 1804, have undergone drastic taxonomic changes in a 2014 revision of the genus. In this revision, Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823 and P. inusta Spix, 1823 were considered as valid, although both species have been widely considered synonymous with P. monachus. Nonetheless, here we demonstrate, by reviewing the original descriptions of both species, that P. inusta cannot be applied to the Peruvian populations of Pithecia inhabiting primarily the Ucayali River watershed since the original concept of this species, as well as its type locality did not include its putative geographic range. In fact, the area falls completely outside the expedition's itinerary that collected the holotype. Thus, to preserve stability until further evidence is furnished, the above-mentioned Pithecia populations should be regarded as P. monachus.   Los monos huapos, género Pithecia Desmarest, 1804, han sufrido cambios taxonómicos drásticos desde su revisión en 2014. En esta revisión se consideraron válidas Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823 y P. inusta Spix, 1823, aunque ambas especies han sido ampliamente consideradas como sinónimos de P. monachus. Sin embargo, aquí demostramos, al revisar las descripciones originales de ambas especies, que P. inusta no puede aplicarse a las poblaciones peruanas de Pithecia que habitan principalmente en la cuenca del río Ucayali, ya que el concepto original de esta especie, así como su localidad tipo, no están incluídas en su rango geográfico putativo. De hecho, la zona queda completamente fuera del itinerario de la expedición que recogió el holotipo. Por lo tanto, para preservar la estabilidad hasta que se proporcionen más pruebas, las poblaciones de Pithecia antes mencionadas deben considerarse como P. monachus

High richness of non-volant mammals in a seasonal forest fragment in southeastern Brazil

The seasonal forest formations of the Atlantic Forest are a threatened and poorly known habitat. We present here a list of the non-volant mammals occurring in a 515‑ha forest fragment known as Santa Maria and located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Our surveys are based on live trap captures, camera traps, and active searches for footprints, as well as secondary data. We list 29 species of non-volant mammals in the fragment, recorded between 1996 and 2021. One species found in the fragment, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, is globally endangered. Two species are classified as "vulnerable" in the global red list: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, and Tapirus terresris. One species, Panthera onca, is classified as "critically endangered" in São Paulo state. The red howler, Alouatta guariba, was not recorded after 1999 and has probably been extirpated in the fragment. We show that the number of non-volant mammal species in Santa Maria fragment is high, in relation to its size. The fragment is also in a strategic position, between the Morro do Diabo state park and the Black Lion Tamarin Ecological station, the two largest protected areas in the region. Considering its high mammal richness and its possible role as stepping stone for the local fauna, we recommend that the fragment become a protected area

Research on bats (Chiroptera) from the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil: annotated species list and bibliographic review

The state of São Paulo has a high number of mammal species, a great part of those is represented by bats. In this study I conducted historical review about the research on bats from the state of São Paulo and provide the first annotated species list and bibliographic review for the state. A total of 79 extant species belonging to eight families of bats occur in São Paulo. At least seven species are represented by fossils, two of these are extinct. I also present new records of rarely sampled species in the state such as Diaemus youngii, Diphylla ecaudata, Saccopteryx leptura, Thyroptera tricolor and Micronycteris microtis. Three species, Micronycteris brosseti, Mimon crenulatum and Uroderma bilobatum were removed from the list. Also is confirmed the occurrence of Histiotus montanus and Molossus aztecus in the state

A morphological phylogeny of Callitrichini Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Platyrrhini, Callitrichinae)

Quatro gêneros compõem a tribo Callitrichini: Callibella (monotípico), Callithrix (com seis espécies), Cebuella (monoespecífico) e Mico (com 13 espécies, recentemente desmembrado de Callithrix por filogenias moleculares). As espécies da tribo ocorrem desde o sudeste do Brasil (estado de São Paulo), até o sul da Colômbia (departamento de Putumayo). Atualmente, morfologistas não reconhecem a validade de Mico, e Callibella não é reconhecido em algumas filogenias moleculares. Com o objetivo de testar a validade desses quatro gêneros, estabelecer hipóteses de relacionamento entre eles e entre as espécies que os compõem, realizei uma filogenia morfológica incluindo todas 21 espécies atualmente reconhecidas para o grupo. O grupo-externo é constituído por Callimico goeldii, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, L. chrysopygus, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, S. midas midas, Saimiri ustus e Callicebus moloch. Foram obtidos 80 caracteres, 34 considerados multiestado. Desse total, quatro são morfológicos quantitativos, 21 tegumentares e 51 osteológicos quantitativos, um cariológico e três vocais. Para comparar os caracteres osteológicos e tegumentares, duas análises utilizando somente caracteres desses sistemas foram realizadas. Na análise tegumentar, foram obtidas 72 árvores com comprimento (l) de 84 passos e um índice de consistência (IC) de 0,571. A análise osteológica resultou em 12 árvores (l = 104; IC = 0,635). Comparando os IC, os caracteres de pelagem se revelaram mais homoplásticos que os osteológicos. Ainda, os primeiros resolviam principalmente as relações em níveis taxonômicos menos inclusivos, i.e. relações interespecíficas, enquanto que os osteológicos recuperavam tribos e gêneros. Após uma busca exata, utilizando os 80 caracteres, obtive uma única árvore totalmente resolvida (l = 211, IC = 0,588 e índice de retenção = 0,787). O monofiletismo de Callitrichini foi evidenciado, e o clado apresentou suporte Bremer igual a 10 passos. O grupo irmão da tribo foi Leontopithecus. A topologia do grupo-interno foi a seguinte: (((((Mico argentatus + M. leucippe) M. emiliae) ((M.marcai + M. nigriceps) M. rondoni)) (M. acariensis + M. melanurus)) ((M. mauesi + M. humeralifer) Callibella humilis) ((M. intermedius + M. saterei) M. chrysoleucos)) Cebuella pygmaea) ((Callithrix jacchus + C. penicillata)((C. aurita + C. flaviceps)(C. geoffroyi + C. kuhlii))). Devido à posição de Callibella, considero o gênero como sinônimo júnior de Mico, sendo M. humilis um representante diminuto do gênero provavelmente por ocorrer em simpatria com M. marcai. Callithrix é altamente autapomórfico, com nove sinapomorfias e um alto suporte de Bremer (7 passos). A relação Cebuella + Mico é inédita em estudos morfológicos e o grupo foi unido por sete sinapomorfias (suporte de Bremer = 5). Devido ao alto número de autapomorfias em Callithrix, o considero um gênero adaptado à sazonalidade e ao ambiente floristicamente pobre do leste do Brasil. A dicotomia inicial de Mico corresponde aproximadamente à clássica separação taxonômica das espécies com tufo e sem tufo. As relações interespecíficas desse gênero revelam um grupo parafilético ocorrendo no interflúvio Madeira/Tapajós. Este trabalho, portanto, reconhece três gêneros em Callitrichini: Callithrix, Cebuella e Mico, sendo a primeira filogenia morfológica a obter (Cebuella + Mico) e a primeira a propor que M. humilis estaria inserido em um subclado de Mico.The tribe Callitrichini is composed of four marmoset genera: Callibella (monotypic, described in 2003), Callithrix (six species), Cebuella (monospecific) and Mico (13 species, recently revalidated based on molecular phylogenies). These species occur from southeastern Brazil to southern Colombia. Presently, morphologists do not recognize Mico as valid, and Callibella is also not recognized in molecular phylogenies. Aiming to test the validity of these genera and formulate relationships hypotheses among them and their species, I carried out a morphological phylogeny including all 21 currently recognized species of marmosets. The outgroup was composed of Callimico goeldii, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, L. chrysopygus, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, S. midas midas, Saimiri ustus e Callicebus moloch. A total of 80 characters, 34 multistate, were obtained. From this number, four are quantitative morphological, 21 qualitative tegumentar and 51 osteological, a karyological and three vocal. In order to compare tegumentary and osteological character set, two analyses, using exclusively characters from these morphological systems were carried out. On the tegumentar analysis, 72 trees with a length (l) of 84 steps and consistency index (CI) of 0.571, were obtained. The osteological analysis resulted in 12 tress (l = 104; IC = 0.635). By comparing the CIs, the pelage characters revealed to be more homoplastic than the osteological ones. Still, the former were better at resolving relationship at less inclusive levels, taxonomically, i.e. interspecific relations, while osteological characters recovered tribes and genera. After an exhaustive search, including all 80 characters, a single completely resolved tree was obtained (l = 211, IC = 0.588, retention index = 0.787). Callitrichini turned out to be a monophyletic group, with a Bremer support of 10 steps. The lion-tamarin genus Leontopithecus was its sister group. The ingroup topology was as follows: (((((Mico argentatus + M. leucippe) M. emiliae) ((M.marcai + M. nigriceps) M. rondoni)) (M. acariensis + M. melanurus)) ((M. mauesi + M. humeralifer) Callibella humilis) ((M. intermedius + M. saterei) M. chrysoleucos)) Cebuella pygmaea) ((Callithrix jacchus + C. penicillata)((C. aurita + C. flaviceps)(C. geoffroyi + C. kuhlii))). Callibella was nested inside Mico, and thefore it is to be regarded as a junior synonym of it. The significantly smaller size of Mico humilis may be related to the fact that it occurs sympatrically with M. marcai. Callithrix is a highly autapomorphic genus, with nine characters supporting it and a Bremer support of seven steps. Due to this fact, the genus is herein considered to be an eastern Brazil specialist. The clade Cebuella +Mico, supported by seven synapomorphies (Bremer support = 5), is recovered for the first time in a morphological work. The first dichotomy in Mico corresponds roughly to the classical tufed and untufted division. The interspecific relations among this genus reveal a paraphyletic group inhabiting the Madeira/Tapajós interfluvium. This work therefore recognizes three marmoset genera: Callithrix, Cebuella and Mico, being the first morphological phylogeny to obtain (Cebuella + Mico) and the first one to propose that M. humilis is nested within Mico

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

En la selva de concreto: el murciélago animalívoro Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) registrado en la metrópolis de São Paulo, Brasil

Most of the synanthropic bat species in Brazil are insectivores and frugivores. The greater round-eared bat, Tonatia bidens, is an animalivore, feeding on insects and small vertebrates, and roosts in tree cavities and rock crevices. It has been captured in forested areas of northern Argentina, as well as eastern Brazil and Paraguay. Despite their relative generalist habits and although T. bidens has been recorded in large forest remnants inside cities, we report here for the first time an individual found inside the garage of a house in an urban area of São Paulo city. We suggest that the lack of suitable roosting sites, rather than prey, is the limiting factor for the presence of this species in urban areas. However, this assumption needs to be investigated more robustly.La mayoría de las especies de murciélagos sinantrópicos en Brasil son insectívoros y frugívoros. El murciélago grande de orejas redondas, Tonatia bidens, es un animalívoro que se alimenta de insectos y pequeños vertebrados; además, percha en las cavidades de los árboles y en las grietas de las rocas. Esta especie ha sido capturada en áreas boscosas del norte de Argentina, así como este de Brasil y Paraguay. A pesar de sus hábitos relativamente generalistas y aunque T. bidens ha sido registrada en grandes remanentes de bosque dentro de las ciudades, reportamos aquí por primera vez un individuo encontrado dentro del garaje de una casa en un área urbana de la ciudad de São Paulo. Sugerimos que la falta de sitios de descanso adecuados, más que la falta de alimentos, es el factor limitante para la presencia de esta especie en áreas urbanas. Sin embargo, esta suposición necesita ser investigada más sólidamente

Supplementary material 4 from: Menezes FH, Semedo TBF, Saldanha J, Garbino GST, Fernandes-Ferreira H, Cordeiro-Estrela P, da Costa IR (2023) Phylogenetic relationships, distribution, and conservation of Roosmalens' dwarf porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum Voss & da Silva, 2001 (Rodentia, Erethizontidae). ZooKeys 1179: 139-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.108766

Erethizontid cytochrome b sequences utilized in phylogenetic analyse

Supplementary material 3 from: Menezes FH, Semedo TBF, Saldanha J, Garbino GST, Fernandes-Ferreira H, Cordeiro-Estrela P, da Costa IR (2023) Phylogenetic relationships, distribution, and conservation of Roosmalens' dwarf porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum Voss & da Silva, 2001 (Rodentia, Erethizontidae). ZooKeys 1179: 139-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.108766

Dataset