The Impact of Early Math and Numeracy Skills on Academic Achievement in Elementary School

The following literature review explores the impact of learning early math and numeracy skills prior to formal schooling on later academic success. Much of the current focus in early childhood is based around literacy. However, as this literature review shows, early math skills are a more powerful predictor of academic success through elementary school. Several studies have been performed to show the significance of these skills on future math success and were consulted for this review. Within this review is what early math and numeracy skills are, how they develop in young children, the importance of these skills, how they affect later math success, and best practices for teaching early math and literacy skills to young children. By analyzing the previous literature and research and combining it with my own experiences, it is obvious that early math has a strong impact on later academic achievement, especially math success. This information is pertinent to parents, early childhood educators, administrators, district officials and curriculum developers. Further research on the connection to higher level math classes in middle and high school, as well as the connection to other subjects is needed to strengthen this research

Untersuchungen an Thalliumfluoridometallaten, TIx[SE(III)yFx+3y], der Lanthanoide mit SE = La-Nd, Sm-Lu

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue Verbindungen des Typs Tlx[SEyFx+3y] mit den Lanthanoiden als SE auf einfachem, hydrothermalem Wege zu erhalten, zu charakterisieren und auf ihre mögliche Verwendung als Szintillatormaterial hin zu untersuchen. Zum Einen konnten die bislang unbekannten Verbindungen Tl[SE2F7], mit SE = Sm — Dy, er-folgreich synthetisiert werden. Die Darstellung dieser Verbindungen erfolgte hydrothermal im Autoklaven bei Temperaturen bis 210 bzw. 400 °C. Zwar gelang es nicht, Einkristalle zu erhalten und die Struktur auf diesem Wege zu ermitteln, dafür konnten die Verbindungen mittels Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie, Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie, Ionenchromatogra-phie, dynamischer Differenzkalorimetrie und energiedispersiver Röntgenspektrometrie cha-rakterisiert werden. Anhand der Daten der Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie konnte auf die Elementarzelle rückgeschlossen werden. Sie kristallisieren isotyp in der Raumgruppe (Nr. 255), mit 2 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Zum Anderen wurden die ebenfalls bislang unbekannten Verbindungen Tl3[SEF6], mit SE = Ho — Lu, hergestellt. Die Darstellung der Verbindungen erfolgte im Autoklaven bei Temperaturen bis 400 °C. Es gelang auch im Falle dieser Verbindungsgruppe nicht, Einkristalle zu erhalten. Mittels der oben genannten Analysemethoden sowie mittels DFT-Rechnungen konnte eine Struktur für diese Verbindungen angegeben werden. Sie kristallisie-ren isotyp in einer kubisch innenzentrierten Zelle mit 2 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Die Verbindungen wurden zudem auf ihre Fluoreszenzeigenschaften hin untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass drei der Verbindungen, und zwar Tl[Tb2F7], Tl[Dy2F7] und Tl3[ErF6], deutliche Fluoreszenz zeigen. Die gemessenen Werte liegen sowohl bezüglich der Wellenlänge, als auch der Abklingzeiten, vergleichen mit literaturbekannten Stoffen, im Bereich von bekann-ten und anwendungsreichen Referenzen. Diese Eigenschaften könnten beispielsweise durch Doping mit anderen Elementen in tech-nisch bedeutende Bereiche verschoben werden.The aim of this study was to obtain, to characterize and to examine the possible use as a scintillator of new compounds of the type Tlx[SEyFx+3y] with the lanthanides as SE in a simple, hydrothermal method. On the one hand the hitherto unknown compounds Tl[SE2F7], with SE = Sm - Dy, were synthesized successfully. The preparation of these compounds was carried out hydrothermally in an autoclave at temperatures up to 210 or 400 °C. Although it was not possible to obtain single crystals and to determine the structure in this way, but the compounds were characterized by X-ray, atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Based on the data of X-ray powder diffraction the unit cells could be inferred. They crystallize isotypically in the space group (no. 255), with 2 formula units per unit cell. On the other hand, the also previously unknown compounds Tl3[SEF6], with SE = Ho - Lu, were synthesized. The preparation of the compounds was carried out in an autoclave at temperatures up to 400 °C. Also in the case of this group of compounds, it was not possible to obtain any single crystals. With the above-mentioned analysis methods and by means of DFT calculations a structure for these compounds could be specified. They crystallize isotype in a body-centered cubic cell with 2 formula units per unit cell. The compounds were also examined for their fluorescence properties. It turned out that three of the compounds, namely Tl[Tb2F7], Tl[Dy2F7] and Tl3[ErF6], show significant fluorescence. The measured values are in terms of both wavelength and the decay, comparing literature materials, ranging from known and application-rich references. These properties could be moved, for example, by doping with other elements in technically significant areas

Intertemporal Preferences and the Adoption Decision for Bluetooth Speakers

The adoption decision for durable goods is intertemporal by definition. However, estimating utility and discount functions from revealed preference data using dynamic discrete choice models is difficult because of an inherent identification problem. To overcome this issue, we use stated preference data. Specifically, we employ the experimental design of Dubé, Hitsch, and Jindal (2014), where future prices are known and that elicits intertemporal adoption decisions for Bluetooth speakers in a discrete choice framework. We estimate several models of discounting (e.g., static, myopic, geometric, and quasi-hyperbolic) and find considerably lower discount factors than typical market interest rates would suggest. The values are also smaller compared to respondents' matching-based discount factors, even though the correlation is positive and significant. Furthermore, there are substantial differences in discounting across respondents (i.e., heterogeneity in time-preferences) and lastly, there is no strong empirical evidence for quasi-hyperbolic discounting. Thus, the standard economic model seems to be appropriate for the data at hand

Report on the Third Working Group Meeting of the AG Marketing

This article reports on the third working group meeting of the AG Marketing within the GfKl Data Science Society. The meeting was held online as part of the DSSV-ECDA 2021 conference from July 7 to 9, 2021, hosted by the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The presented talks included topics from a great variety of fields from quantitative marketing, such as marketing modeling as well as retailing and digital marketing

Lossless State Detection of Single Neutral Atoms

We introduce lossless state detection of trapped neutral atoms based on cavity-enhanced fluorescence. In an experiment with a single 87-Rb atom, a hyperfine-state-detection fidelity of 99.4% is achieved in 85 microseconds. The quantum bit is interrogated many hundreds of times without loss of the atom while a result is obtained in every readout attempt. The fidelity proves robust against atomic frequency shifts induced by the trapping potential. Our scheme does not require strong coupling between the atom and cavity and can be generalized to other systems with an optically accessible quantum bit.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Report on the Second Working Group Meeting of the “AG Marketing”

In this article, we report on the second working group meeting of the “AG Marketing” within the GfKl Data Science Society. The meeting was held online on August 17 and 18, 2020. The presented topics reflect ongoing trends of using innovative methods and models for preference measurement as well as new data sources and machine learning approaches in quantitative marketing