The Primacy of Public Health Considerations in Defining Poor Quality Medicines

Paul Newton and colleagues argue that public health, and not intellectual property or trade issues, should be the prime consideration in defining and combating counterfeit medicines, and that the World Health Organization (WHO) should take a more prominent role

RESPUESTA DE UN DIPOLO MAGNÉTICO VERTICAL ANTE LA PRESENCIA DE CARACTERÍSTICAS PALEOAMBIENTALES DE SITIOS PREHISPANICOS

La utilización de corrientes inducidas en el subsuelo ha constituido, hoy día, un punto muy importante en el desarrollo de instrumentos complejos, capaces de cuantificar el nivel de conducción de carga eléctrica a través de un determinado volumen de terreno. En este trabajo se analiza la respuesta, como señal física, de ciertos dispositivos electromagnéticos basados en el principio fisico de inducción (dipolos magnéticos), ante la presencia de estructuras arqueológicas y ciertos elementos que formaron parte de los alrededores de uno de los centros político— religiosos más importantes de toda la civilización mesoamericana. Se presenta, como caso específico, la respuesta de un paleocanal obtenida en la zona oeste del Conjunto Principal de Copán - Ruinas, Honduras

Respuesta de un dipolo magnético vertical ante la presencia de características paleoambientales de sitios prehispanicos

La utilización de corrientes inducidas en el subsuelo ha constituido, hoy día, un punto muy importante en el desarrollo de instrumentos complejos, capaces de cuantificar el nivel de conducción de carga eléctrica a través de un determinado volumen de terreno. En este trabajo se analiza la respuesta, como señal física, de ciertos dispositivos electromagnéticos basados en el principio físico de inducción (dipolos magnéticos), ante la presencia de estructuras arqueológicas y ciertos elementos que formaron parte de los alrededores de uno de los centros político–religiosos más importantes de toda la civilización mesoamericana. Se presenta, como caso específico, la respuesta de un paleocanal obtenida en la zona oeste del Conjunto Principal de Copán – Ruinas, Honduras

Histological Evaluation of Diabetic Neurodegeneration in the Retina of Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats

In diabetes, retinal dysfunctions exist prior to clinically detectable vasculopathy, however the pathology behind these functional deficits is still not fully established. Previously, our group published a detailed study on the retinal histopathology of type 1 diabetic (T1D) rat model, where specific alterations were detected. Although the majority of human diabetic patients have type 2 diabetes (T2D), similar studies on T2D models are practically absent. To fill this gap, we examined Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats - a model for T2D - by immunohistochemistry at the age of 32 weeks. Glial reactivity was observed in all diabetic specimens, accompanied by an increase in the number of microglia cells. Prominent outer segment degeneration was detectable with changes in cone opsin expression pattern, without a decrease in the number of labelled elements. The immunoreactivity of AII amacrine cells was markedly decreased and changes were detectable in the number and staining of some other amacrine cell subtypes, while most other cells examined did not show any major alterations. Overall, the retinal histology of ZDF rats shows a surprising similarity to T1D rats indicating that despite the different evolution of the disease, the neuroretinal cells affected are the same in both subtypes of diabetes

A second generation genetic map for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genetic maps characterizing the inheritance patterns of traits and markers have been developed for a wide range of species and used to study questions in biomedicine, agriculture, ecology and evolutionary biology. The status of rainbow trout genetic maps has progressed significantly over the last decade due to interest in this species in aquaculture and sport fisheries, and as a model research organism for studies related to carcinogenesis, toxicology, comparative immunology, disease ecology, physiology and nutrition. We constructed a second generation genetic map for rainbow trout using microsatellite markers to facilitate the identification of quantitative trait loci for traits affecting aquaculture production efficiency and the extraction of comparative information from the genome sequences of model fish species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A genetic map ordering 1124 microsatellite loci spanning a sex-averaged distance of 2927.10 cM (Kosambi) and having 2.6 cM resolution was constructed by genotyping 10 parents and 150 offspring from the National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture (NCCCWA) reference family mapping panel. Microsatellite markers, representing pairs of loci resulting from an evolutionarily recent whole genome duplication event, identified 180 duplicated regions within the rainbow trout genome. Microsatellites associated with genes through expressed sequence tags or bacterial artificial chromosomes produced comparative assignments with tetraodon, zebrafish, fugu, and medaka resulting in assignments of homology for 199 loci.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The second generation NCCCWA genetic map provides an increased microsatellite marker density and quantifies differences in recombination rate between the sexes in outbred populations. It has the potential to integrate with cytogenetic and other physical maps, identifying paralogous regions of the rainbow trout genome arising from the evolutionarily recent genome duplication event, and anchoring a comparative map with the zebrafish, medaka, tetraodon, and fugu genomes. This resource will facilitate the identification of genes affecting traits of interest through fine mapping and positional cloning of candidate genes.</p

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Application de méthodes géophysiques pour la reconnaissance et la protection de ressources en eau dans les milieux karstiques

Les méthodes d investigation actuellement proposées concernant la reconnaissance et la protection des aquifères en milieu karstique ne font que rarement appel aux mesures géophysiques. Le but des présents travaux de recherche est de démontrer que la combinaison de diverses méthodes géophysiques (TDEM, FDEM, RMP) permet de tirer du sous-sol l information nécessaire à caractériser, en partie et à différentes échelles spatiales, la géométrie des réservoirs et la distribution des zones de haute perméabilité dans les milieux karstiques. Trois sites expérimentaux, caractéristiques de régions karstiques observées autour du bassin Méditerranéen, ont été choisis. Le site de Loussoi (nord-est du Péloponnèse Grèce), le site de Poumeyssen (Lot - France) et le site de Paralia Agios Andreas (est du Péloponnèse Grèce). Des techniques géophysiques adaptées au contexte géologique et aux questions hydrogéologiques ont été sélectionnées et utilisées. Des résultats nouveaux ont été obtenus dans trois domaines : (1) la connaissance géologique des sites étudiés, (2) des développements spécifiques des techniques géophysiques et (3) la définition d une approche méthodologique d application des méthodes géophysiques à l étude des karsts.PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Sci.Terre recherche (751052114) / SudocSudocFranceF

Caractérisation physique des sols par méthodes géophysiques et télédétection : bilan et perspectives

http://www.afes.fr/afes/egs/EGS_20_2_20_2_JES_Grandjean.pdfNational audienceLa caractérisation physique des sols à partir de mesures proximales - de type géophysiques - ou plus distales - à partir de plateformes aéroportées ou spatiales - a donné lieu récemment à des avancées technologiques et scientifiques notables. La compréhension des processus qui affectent les sols s'appuie de plus en plus sur des modèles numériques généralement couplés et nécessitant en entrée de multiples paramètres physiques. L'utilisation de tels modèles nécessite donc de compléter les descriptions pédologiques par des variables d'état pouvant être, sur des courtes échelles de temps, stationnaires ou transitoires. Bien sûr, les techniques géophysiques utilisées pour cartographier ces paramètres, à plus ou moins grande échelle, évoluent rapidement, au grès de l'innovation technologique et informatique. Ces méthodes offrent en effet un réel intérêt par rapport aux méthodes pédologiques classiques car elles s'appuient sur des mesures physiques objectives dont les incertitudes peuvent être estimées. Cette réflexion a pour objectif de dresser un bilan des avancées qui ont permis d'améliorer la caractérisation physique des sols et d'en montrer la plus-value. Cette étude ne se veut pas exhaustive car le champ scientifique est très vaste et sortirai du cadre demandé. En revanche, nous utiliserons des travaux récents pour illustrer la nature de ces avancées et évaluer leur potentialité à venir dans l'amélioration des connaissances

Introduction to The Image and the Witness

Controversy over visual imagery of trauma and disaster has never been greater. "The Image and the Witness: Trauma, Memory and Visual Culture" is thus a timely interdisciplinary collection of new essays about the ethical stakes of the image in our visually-saturated age. This book explores the interrelated issues of the role of the material image in bearing witness to historical events and the visual representation of witnesses to collective trauma. In arguing for the agency of the image, this unique collection engages in important debates over post-traumatic memory, documentary ethics, embodied vision and the recycling of images. The book discusses works by Chris Marker, Errol Morris, Derek Jarman, Doris Salcedo, Gerhard Richter and Boris Mikhailov, alongside images from popular culture, including websites and home movies