On the origin of vertebrate body plan: Insights from the endoderm using the hourglass model

The vertebrate body plan is thought to be derived during the early Cambrian from a worm-like chordate ancestor. While all three germ layers were clearly involved in this innovation, the role of the endoderm remains elusive. According to the hourglass model, the optimal window for investigating the evolution of vertebrate endoderm-derived structures during cephalochordate development is from the Spemann\u27s organizer stage to the opening of the mouth (Stages 1–7, described herein). Regulatory gene expression, examined during these stages, illustrate that the cephalochordate endoderm is patterned into 12 organ primordia. Early vertebrates inherited at least a portion of 6 of these primordia, while the remainder were lost. Of those that were preserved, we demonstrate that the vertebrate symmetric mouth was built on a vestige of the anterior pre-oral pit, that the pre-existing pharyngeal pouch in this chordate ancestor laid the foundation for the new neural crest cell (NCC)-derived vertebrate-type pharyngeal arches, that the thyroid evolved from the posterior endostyle primordim, that the pancreas was derived from the Pdx1-expressing diverticulum primordium, and the small and large intestines originated with the Cdx1-expressing hindgut rudiments. This investigation uncovers the evolutionary foundations of vertebrate endoderm-derived structures, and demonstrates that the number of organ primordia were reduced during evolution

Study on the radon adsorption capability of low-background activated carbon

Radon is a significant background source in rare event detection experiments. Activated Carbon (AC) adsorption is widely used for effective radon removal. The selection of AC considers its adsorption capacity and radioactive background. In this study, using self-developed devices, we screened and identified a new kind of low-background AC from Qingdao Inaf Technology Company that has very high Radon adsorption capacity. By adjusting the average pore size to 2.3 nm, this AC demonstrates a radon adsorption capacity of 2.6 or 4.7 times higher than Saratech or Carboact activated carbon under the same conditions.Comment: 21pages, 7 figure

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire among community-dwelling disabled elderly individuals (WFRQ-CE)

ObjectiveTo test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire among community-dwelling disabled elderly individuals (WFRQ-CE).MethodsConvenience sampling was used to select 566 dyads of disabled elderly individuals and their caregivers. The Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire Chinese Version (WFRQ-C) was tested among elderly individuals. The Family Care Capacity Scale for Elderly Patients (FCCSE) was used as a concurrent validation tool for the caregivers, and the Psychological Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and the Social Support Assessment (SSRS-10) were used as concurrent validation tools for both the elderly individuals and the caregivers.ResultsExploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed four common factors–“Family belief,” “Organization and problem solving,” “Family communication,” and “Utilization of external resources”–with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 56.94%. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) yielded the following fit indices: chi-square/freedom degree (χ2/df) = 2.007, Tucker Lewis index (TLI) = 0.900, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.917, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.916, parsimony goodness-of-fit index (PGFI) = 0.681, and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.060. The concurrent scales were significantly correlated with the WFRQ-C total score and the scores for each factor (r values between 0.23 and 0.60, P < 0.01). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the WFRQ-CE and 0.87, 0.83, 0.89, and 0.65 for the four factors; the retest reliability was 0.96 for the total scale and 0.95, 0.92, 0.92, and 0.95 for the four factors; the split-half reliability was 0.85 for the total scale, and 0.81, 0.78, 0.79, and 0.68 for the four factors.ConclusionThe WFRQ-CE has good reliability and validity among community-dwelling disabled elderly individuals and can be used to evaluate the level of family resilience

Improved lion swarm optimization algorithm to solve the multi-objective rescheduling of hybrid flowshop with limited buffer

As the realities of production and operation in green and intelligent workshops become more variable, the adverse risks arising from disruptions to modernized workshop energy consumption schedules and customer churn caused by dynamic events are increasing. In order to solve those problems, we take the intelligent hybrid flow shop as the research subject, use buffer capacity and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) transport devices as resource constraints, construct a multi-objective rescheduling model that considers both energy consumption and customer satisfaction. According to the model characteristics, an improved lion swarm optimization algorithm (ILSO) is designed to solve the above model. To improve the initial solution quality and global search capability of the algorithm, ILSO is improved by combining the reverse learning initialization strategy of Logistic chaotic mapping with the tabu search strategy. The results of experiments on the proposed algorithm with different sizes of arithmetic cases and real cases in the workshop indicate that ILSO can effectively solve the bi-objective rescheduling problem oriented to inserting orders, and the proposed model can provide green dynamic scheduling solutions for manufacturing enterprises to achieve the purpose of transformation to green intelligent manufacturing

Data from: Phagocytic intracellular digestion in amphioxus (Branchiostoma)

The digestive methods employed by amphioxus (Branchiostoma)—both intracellular phagocytic digestion and extracellular digestion—have been discussed since 1937. Recent studies also show that epithelial cells lining the Branchiostoma digestive tract can express many immune genes. Here, in Branchiostoma belcheri, using a special tissue fixation method, we show that some epithelial cells, especially those lining the large diverticulum protruding from the gut tube, phagocytise food particles directly, and Branchiostoma can rely on this kind of phagocytic intracellular digestion to obtain energy throughout all stages of its life. Gene expression profiles suggest that diverticulum epithelial cells have functional features of both digestive cells and phagocytes. In starved Branchiostoma, these cells accumulate endogenous digestive and hydrolytic enzymes, whereas, when sated, they express many kinds of immune genes in response to stimulation by phagocytised food particles. We also found that the distal hindgut epithelium can phagocytise food particles, but not as many. These results illustrate phagocytic intercellular digestion in Branchiostoma, explain why. Branchiostoma digestive tract epithelial cells express typical immune genes, and suggest that the main physiological function of the Branchiostoma diverticulum is different from that of the vertebrate liver

Table S10_The total_Statistic of SSH-G

Table S10_The total_Statistic of SSH-

Table S8_The total_Statistic of SSH-D

Table S8_The total_Statistic of SSH-