Tetanus - A case report and literature review

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/Open Allur texti - Full textA 79 year old farmer was referred to the University Hospital with a three days history of difficulty in opening his mouth. On examination, both masseters were seen to be stiff, suggesting tetanus or jaw-subluxation. An attempt to reduce the joint was made, but failed. He subsequently developed progressive respiratory difficulties requiring intubation. The farmer had recently cut his finger on barbed wire. He had not received tetanus immunization for years and it was not clear whether primary immunization had been completed. Tetanus immunoglobulin and antibiotics were administered. He proceeded to develop autonomic instability and critical illness polyneuropathy requiring 45 days of ICU care. He was finally discharged eight months later. The farmer has gradually improved and is now living unaided at home. In this article we will review this case and the literature on tetanus. Correspondence: Albert Pall Sigurdsson, [email protected] Key words: Tetanus, case report.79 ára bónda var vísað á Landspítala þar sem hann hafði ekki getað opnað munninn í þrjá daga. Við skoðun voru tyggingarvöðvar spenntir. Talið var að þetta væri stífkrampi eða los á kjálkaliði. Reynt var að setja hann í lið án árangurs. Síðar bar á öndunarörðugleikum sem ágerðust. Bóndinn fór á gjörgæslu í öndunarvél. Hann hafði stungið sig í fingur á gaddavír við landbúnaðarstörf nokkru áður. Hann hafði ekki fengið stífkrampabólusetningu í mörg ár og óljóst var um grunnbólusetningu. Gefið var stífkrampa-ónæmisglóbúlín og sýklalyf. Síðar fékk hann truflun á ósjálfráða taugakerfinu auk gjörgæslu-úttaugameins. Hann lá 45 daga á gjörgæslu og útskrifaðist heim eftir 8 mánaða legu. Ástandið hefur lagast og er hann nú að mestu leyti sjálfbjarga. Í greininni er farið yfir tilfellið og gefið yfirlit yfir stífkrampa

Modelling the 20th and 21st century evolution of Hoffellsjökull glacier, SE-Vatnajökull, Iceland

The Little Ice Age maximum extent of glaciers in Iceland was reached about 1890 AD and most glaciers in the country have retreated during the 20th century. A model for the surface mass balance and the flow of glaciers is used to reconstruct the 20th century retreat history of Hoffellsjökull, a south-flowing outlet glacier of the ice cap Vatnajökull, which is located close to the southeastern coast of Iceland. The bedrock topography was surveyed with radio-echo soundings in 2001. A wealth of data are available to force and constrain the model, e.g. surface elevation maps from ~1890, 1936, 1946, 1989, 2001, 2008 and 2010, mass balance observations conducted in 1936–1938 and after 2001, energy balance measurements after 2001, and glacier surface velocity derived by kinematic and differential GPS surveys and correlation of SPOT5 images. The approximately 20% volume loss of this glacier in the period 1895–2010 is realistically simulated with the model. After calibration of the model with past observations, it is used to simulate the future response of the glacier during the 21st century. The mass balance model was forced with an ensemble of temperature and precipitation scenarios derived from 10 global and 3 regional climate model simulations using the A1B emission scenario. If the average climate of 2000–2009 is maintained into the future, the volume of the glacier is projected to be reduced by 30% with respect to the present at the end of this century. If the climate warms, as suggested by most of the climate change scenarios, the model projects this glacier to almost disappear by the end of the 21st century. Runoff from the glacier is predicted to increase for the next 30–40 yr and decrease after that as a consequence of the diminishing ice-covered area

50 metų amžiaus ir vyresnių darbuotojų darbo kokybės ir ketinimų išeiti į pensiją ryšys: sisteminė literatūros apžvalga

Europe, notably in countries like Lithuania, is facing substantial demographic shifts due to aging, impacting various systems, including the labor market. In this context understanding retirement intentions is crucial. Quality of work is a key determinant of retirement intentions, yet other factors such as financial situation, health, or family pressures also play a role, and a comprehensive understanding of their interactions remains a research gap. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review of research on the relationship between retirement intentions and quality of work, with a specific focus on potential control factors, moderators and mediators of this relationship. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA). Articles were electronically retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO databases. Studies selected were full-text, peer-reviewed articles in English from 2003 to 2023, which used quantitative methodologies and focused on the relationship between retirement intentions and quality of work for workers aged 50+. The quality of the selected publications was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies – AXIS tool. Of the initial 776 sources, after removing duplicates and irrelevant articles, 91 were fully screened, and 17 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. This systematic literature review provided further insights into the relationship between retirement intentions and quality of work, highlighting the roles of moderators, mediators, and control factors in this relationship.Europoje stebimas visuomenės senėjimas, kuris veikia darbo rinką, tad darosi aktualu suprasti ketinimo išeiti į pensiją reiškinį. Tarp įvairių ketinimo išeiti į pensiją veiksnių išsiskiria darbo vietos kokybė, tačiau yra mažai informacijos apie galimas jos sąveikas su kitais veiksniais. Tikslas – atlikti sisteminę tyrimų, kuriuose analizuojamas ketinimo išeiti į pensiją ir darbo vietos kokybės ryšys, apžvalgą, skiriant dėmesio galimiems kontroliniams šio ryšio veiksniams, mediatoriams ir moderatoriams. Išanalizuota 17 straipsnių, atrinktų iš Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect ir EBSCO duomenų bazių. Apžvalga suteikė įžvalgų apie ketinimo išeiti į pensiją ir darbo vietos kokybės ryšį, išryškinant šio ryšio moderatorių, mediatorių ir kontrolinių veiksnių vaidmenį

Elevation Change, Mass Balance, Dynamics, and Surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to 2007

Glaciers and ice caps around the world are changing quickly, with surge-type behaviour superimposed upon climatic forcing. Here, we study Iceland’s second largest ice cap, Langjökull, which has both surge- and non-surge-type outlets. By differencing elevation change with surface mass balance, we estimate the contribution of ice dynamics to elevation change. We use DEMs, in situ stake measurements, regional reanalyses, and a mass balance model to calculate the vertical ice velocity. Thus, we not only compare the geodetic, modelled, and glaciological mass balances, but also map spatial variations in glacier dynamics. Maps of emergence and submergence velocity successfully highlight the 1998 surge and subsequent quiescence of one of Langjökull’s outlets by visualizing both source and sink areas. In addition to observing the extent of traditional surge behaviour (i.e., mass transfer from the accumulation area to the ablation area followed by recharge of the source area), we see peripheral areas where the surge impinged upon an adjacent ridge and subsequently retreated. While mass balances are largely in good agreement, discrepancies between modelled and geodetic mass balance may be explained by inaccurate estimates of precipitation, saturated adiabatic lapse rate, or degree day factors. Nevertheless, the study was ultimately able to investigate dynamic surge behaviour in the absence of in situ measurements during the surge.In situ mass balance survey is a joint effort of the Glaciology Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland and the National Power Company (Landsvirkjun). We thank Philippe Crochet and Tómas Jóhannesson from the Icelandic Meteorological Office for providing the gridded climate data and for useful discussions about the climatology of Langjökull. The 2007 lidar data were collected by the UK Natural Environment Research Council Airborne Research and Survey Facility (Grant IPY 07-08). Additional funding was provided by the United States National Science Foundation (Grant No. DGE-1038596), St Catharine’s, St John’s and Trinity Colleges and the University of Cambridge B.B. Roberts and Scandinavian Studies Funds. We thank Cameron Rye for initial help coding the mass balance model.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.5

Elevation change, mass balance, dynamics and surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to 2007

ABSTRACTGlaciers and ice caps around the world are changing quickly, with surge-type behaviour superimposed upon climatic forcing. Here, we study Iceland's second largest ice cap, Langjökull, which has both surge- and non-surge-type outlets. By differencing elevation change with surface mass balance, we estimate the contribution of ice dynamics to elevation change. We use DEMs, in situ stake measurements, regional reanalyses and a mass-balance model to calculate the vertical ice velocity. Thus, we not only compare the geodetic, modelled and glaciological mass balances, but also map spatial variations in glacier dynamics. Maps of emergence and submergence velocity successfully highlight the 1998 surge and subsequent quiescence of one of Langjökull's outlets by visualizing both source and sink areas. In addition to observing the extent of traditional surge behaviour (i.e. mass transfer from the accumulation area to the ablation area followed by recharge of the source area), we see peripheral areas where the surge impinged upon an adjacent ridge and subsequently retreated. While mass balances are largely in good agreement, discrepancies between modelled and geodetic mass balance may be explained by inaccurate estimates of precipitation, saturated adiabatic lapse rate or degree-day factors. Nevertheless, the study was ultimately able to investigate dynamic surge behaviour in the absence of in situ measurements during the surge.In situ mass balance survey is a joint effort of the Glaciology Group, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland and the National Power Company (Landsvirkjun). We thank Philippe Crochet and Tómas Jóhannesson from the Icelandic Meteorological Office for providing the gridded climate data and for useful discussions about the climatology of Langjökull. The 2007 lidar data were collected by the UK Natural Environment Research Council Airborne Research and Survey Facility (Grant IPY 07-08). Additional funding was provided by the United States National Science Foundation (Grant No. DGE-1038596), St Catharine’s, St John’s and Trinity Colleges and the University of Cambridge B.B. Roberts and Scandinavian Studies Funds. We thank Cameron Rye for initial help coding the mass balance model.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.5

A hydrogeological conceptual model of aquifers in catchments headed by temperate glaciers

For reliable forecasting of the evolution of critical water resources, as well as of potential flood and landslide hazards and their response to climate change, it is necessary to improve the understanding and quantification of unknown aquifer systems in glacierized catchments. We focus on four southeastern outlet glaciers of the main Icelandic ice cap, Vatnajökull. A multidisciplinary approach is carried out, including the acquisition of new in situ data to characterize aquifers and their groundwater dynamics. Moreover, the recharge to aquifers from glacial melt and effective rainfall is estimated. From a detailed analysis of all available data and the determination of the dynamic characteristics of the aquifers, a hydrogeological conceptual model of glacierized catchments is constructed: (i) two distinct aquifers, their hydraulic conductivities and their hydrodynamic responses to climate forcing are identified; (ii) a comprehensive water balance for the whole catchment is obtained; (iii) the subglacial recharge to the aquifers is shown to be 4 times higher than in the proglacial area; and (v) the importance of the impact of the glacial melt recharge on the groundwater system is demonstrated. Thus, we highlight the major role that the groundwater component has in the hydrodynamic functioning of glacierized catchments.</p