Comportement en corrosion d'un alliage d'aluminium cuivre-lithium AW2050 : couplage environnement, microstructure, et état de contrainte du matériau

Les problématiques de corrosion restent un sujet d'étude majeur lorsqu'il s'agit d'améliorer les propriétés des alliages pour structures aéronautiques. Dans le cadre de ce travail, le comportement en corrosion d'un alliage AW2050 de type Al-Cu-Li-X est étudié. L'analyse du couplage entre les microstructures caractéristiques de cet alliage et l'environnement agressif constitue un point central de l'étude. Le travail réalisé a permis d'identifier les facteurs de premier ordre parmi les paramètres métallurgiques et les paramètres chimiques relatifs à l'électrolyte sur le comportement en corrosion de l'alliage AW2050. Ensuite, l'impact de l'application de contraintes monotones et cycliques sur le comportement en corrosion du matériau a été étudié. Les principaux résultats montrent que la microstructure de l'alliage a un effet prépondérant sur le comportement en corrosion du matériau par rapport aux sollicitations mécaniques et aux conditions d'exposition au milieu agressif, même si des couplages existent entre microstructure, chargement mécanique et environnement. L'étude réalisée a permis de générer des avancées significatives dans la compréhension des mécanismes de corrosion, de corrosion sous contrainte et de fatigue corrosion de l'alliage AW2050. ABSTRACT : Corrosion issues still are a major subject of study to improve alloys properties for aircraft structures. In the framework of this work, the corrosion behavior of an Al-Cu-Li-X AW2050 alloy is studied. This study is focussed on the coupling between the microstructures of the alloy and the aggressive environment. The present work allowed to determine, among metallurgical parameters and chemical parameters related to the electrolyte, the factors of the first order on the corrosion behavior of AW2050 alloy. Afterwards, the impact of monotonic and cyclic stresses on the material corrosion behavior was studied. The main results show that the alloy microstructure has a prevailing effect on its corrosion behavior compared to mechanical stresses and exposure conditions to the aggressive media, even though, coupling exist between microstructure, mechanical stresses and environment. The study led to significant advances in the understanding of the following mechanisms: corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and fatigue-corrosion of an alloy AW2050

Effect of varying conditions of exposure to an aggressive medium on the corrosion behavior of the 2050 Al--Cu--Li alloy

The corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 2050 was studied as a function of varying conditions of exposure to an aqueous NaCl solution. Two metallurgical states were considered, i.e., an as-received alloy (NHT) and aged samples (HT). After continuous immersion tests, the NHT samples were susceptible to intergranular corrosion, whereas intragranular corrosion was observed for the HT samples. For the NHT samples, cyclic corrosion tests, with alternate immersion – emersion periods, induced subgrain boundary dissolution, and for the HT samples, grain and/or subgrain boundary sensibilization was induced. Hydrogen content measurements suggested a hydrogen enrichment of the alloy under cyclic corrosion tests

Corrosion-fatigue lifetime of Aluminium–Copper–Lithium alloy 2050 in chloride solution

The fatigue behaviour of Aluminium–Copper–Lithium 2050 alloy under two metallurgical states (T34 and T84) was studied in air for healthy and pre-corroded samples in a 0.7 NaCl solution. The results were compared to those obtained during fatigue–corrosion tests performed in a similar chloride medium. Preliminary corrosion tests demonstrated that the T34 metallurgical state was susceptible to intergranular corrosion, while the T84 metallurgical state was susceptible to intragranular corrosion. Fatigue life tests in air on pre-corroded samples revealed a significant decrease in fatigue life related to the presence of corrosion defects before the cyclic solicitation. A strong effect of the first minutes of immersion in corrosive media was evidenced on fatigue life behaviour. The fatigue–corrosion tests revealed that the T34 metallurgical state was more affected by fatigue–corrosion in terms of fatigue life than the T84 metallurgical state. This observation can be explained by the increased propagation of intergranular corrosion enhanced by the cyclic solicitation

Effect of the microstructure and environmental exposure conditions on the corrosion behaviour of the 2050 alloy

Alternate immersion-emersion tests were performed for a 2050 aluminium alloy to characterize its corrosion resistance with exposure conditions representative of in serviceconditions. Tests were performed for T34 samples and aged samples. After continuous immersion tests, T34 samples exhibited intergranular corrosion while intragranular corrosion was observed for aged samples. The alternate immersion-emersion tests led to a corrosion extension to the subgrain boundaries, for both T34 and aged samples, as shown by electron backscattered diffraction analysis

Identification of the metallurgical parameters explaining the corrosion susceptibility in a 2050 aluminium alloy

The corrosion behaviour of a 2050 aluminium alloy was studied in a NaCl solution. The structure ofprecipitation did not fully explain the susceptibility to intergranular (in the -T34 state) and intragran-ular corrosion for the aged state (the -T8 state). A relationship between the nature of interfaces, thegrains characteristics (size, internal misorientation and orientation according to the plane exposed tothe electrolyte) on one hand and the corrosion susceptibility of the alloy on the other hand was clearlyestablished. Galvanic coupling between grains with different internal misorientations helped to explainthe intergranular corrosion susceptibility of the -T34 state

The role of mutuals and community-based insurance in social health protection systems: International experience on delegated functions

L’architecture institutionnelle sur laquelle repose la protection sociale de la santé varie selon les pays, de même que les acteurs et organismes impliqués. Dans certains pays, les sociétés mutualistes et organismes d’assurance maladie communautaire jouent un rôle central. Dans les années 1990, ces structures ont été promues, notamment parce qu’elles constituaient un moyen d’étendre la couverture de la sécurité sociale, en particulier en Afrique subsaharienne. Aujourd’hui, l’adoption du Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 et une nouvelle volonté politique de parvenir à la couverture universelle ont conduit à s’interroger sur le rôle des mutuelles et organismes d’assurance maladie communautaire. Toutefois, peu d’études ont été consacrées à leur place dans les systèmes nationaux de sécurité sociale. Cette étude exploratoire, qui repose sur l’analyse de 49 documents couvrant 18 pays répartis dans le monde entier, est axée sur la délégation de fonctions en faveur des mutuelles/organismes d’assurance maladie communautaire dans les systèmes nationaux de protection sociale de la santé. Ses résultats révèlent la dynamique de cette délégation au fil du temps et des processus de mise en œuvre. Ils mettent en lumière des pistes de réflexion de nature à éclairer la formulation de l’action publique. -- Mots-clés : Mutualité ; protection sociale ; santé ; régimes de sécurité sociale ; assurance maladie; international

Inferring within-flock transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in France, 2020.

Following the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in France in early December 2020, we used duck mortality data from the index farm to investigate within-flock transmission dynamics. A stochastic epidemic model was fitted to the daily mortality data and model parameters were estimated using an approximate Bayesian computation sequential Monte Carlo (ABC-SMC) algorithm. The model predicted that the first bird in the flock was infected 5 days (95% credible interval, CI: 3-6) prior to the day of suspicion and that the transmission rate was 4.1 new infections per day (95% CI: 2.8-5.8). On average, ducks became infectious 4.1 h (95% CI: 0.7-9.1) after infection and remained infectious for 4.3 days (95% CI: 2.8-5.7). The model also predicted that 34% (50% prediction interval: 8%-76%) of birds would already be infectious by the day of suspicion, emphasizing the substantial latent threat this virus could pose to other poultry farms and to neighbouring wild birds. This study illustrates how mechanistic models can help provide rapid relevant insights that contribute to the management of infectious disease outbreaks of farmed animals. These methods can be applied to future outbreaks and the resulting parameter estimates made available to veterinary services within a few hours

Monitoring biosecurity in poultry production: an overview of databases reporting biosecurity compliance from seven European countries

Compliance with required on-farm biosecurity practices reduces the risk of contamination and spread of zoonotic and economically important diseases. With repeating avian influenza epidemics in the poultry industry, the need to monitor and improve the overall level of biosecurity is increasing. In practice, biosecurity compliance is assessed by various actors (e.g., academic, private and public institutions), and the results of such assessments may be recorded and gathered in databases which are seldom shared or thoroughly analyzed. This study aimed to provide an inventory of databases related to the assessment of biosecurity in poultry farms in seven major poultry-producing European countries to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with biosecurity data collection, sharing, and use. The institutions in charge of these databases were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to gather information on the main characteristics of the databases and the context of their implementation. A total of 20 databases were identified, covering the gamut of poultry species and production types. Most databases were linked to veterinary health authorities or academia, and to a lesser extent interbranch organizations. Depending on the institutions in charge, the databases serve various purposes, from providing advice to enforcing regulations. The quality of the biosecurity data collected is believed to be quite reliable, as biosecurity is mostly assessed by trained farm advisors or official veterinarians and during a farm visit. Some of the databases are difficult to analyze and/or do not offer information concerning which biosecurity measures are most or least respected. Moreover, some key biosecurity practices are sometimes absent from certain databases. Although the databases serve a variety of purposes and cover different production types, each with specific biosecurity features, their analysis should help to improve the surveillance of biosecurity in the poultry sector and provide evidence on the benefits of biosecurity

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570