347 research outputs found
Associer des itinéraires techniques de niveau d'intrants variés à des variétés rustiques de blé tendre : évaluation économique, environnementale et énergétique
International audienceLâimpact de lâutilisation des engrais azotĂ©s et des pesticides (Aubertot et al., 2005) sur lâenvironnement ainsi que lâinstabilitĂ© des prix de vente des cĂ©rĂ©ales ont suscitĂ© un certain nombre de rĂ©ïŹexions sur de nouvelles maniĂšres de produire du blĂ© tendre dâhiver, en prenant notamment appui sur le progrĂšs variĂ©tal. Ainsi, Ă partir de 1999, lâINRA, lâITCF (puis ARVALIS-Institut du vĂ©gĂ©tal), les sĂ©lectionneurs du GIE Club des Cinq et les chambres dâagriculture dâIndre-et-Loire et du Morbihan ont engagĂ© une collaboration aïŹn dâĂ©valuer lâintĂ©rĂȘt des variĂ©tĂ©s rustiques conduites avec des itinĂ©raires techniques Ă niveaux dâintrants rĂ©duits. Ces variĂ©tĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© choisies parmi celles prĂ©sentant des caractĂšres de multirĂ©sistance aux maladies et Ă la verse, tout en sâassurant dâun niveau de rendement comparable aux autres cultivars du catalogue. Le rĂ©seau expĂ©rimental multilocal mis en place de 2000 Ă 2002 a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des performances Ă©conomiques satisfaisantes de ces itinĂ©raires techniques au regard des recommandations locales, et ce pour le prix de vente moyen de cette pĂ©riode, Ă savoir 100 ⏠par tonne (Loyce et al., 2001 ; FĂ©lix et al., 2002 ; Rolland et al., 2003 ; Loyce et al., acceptĂ©)
Facteurs explicatifs du roulement des membres au sein des organismes professionnels en relations industrielles
Jusqu'Ă prĂ©sent, peu de recherches se sont intĂ©ressĂ©es au roulement des membres au sein des organismes professionnels. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude comble, en partie, cette lacune en analysant les intentions de rester membre ou non (ainsi que de redevenir membre ou non) des professionnels appartenant (ou ayant appartenu) Ă un organisme professionnel en ressources humaines ou en relations industrielles. Ă partir de donnĂ©es collectĂ©es par questionnaires (n = 916 membres actifs et 217 membres inactifs), des analyses de rĂ©gression ont permis d'isoler plusieurs facteurs explicatifs importants comme l'attachement affectif Ă l'organisme. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus permettent, entre autres, de mettre Ă jour diffĂ©rentes logiques d'affiliation Ă un organisme professionnel.Recent economic and social changes pose many challenges for human resources/industrial relations professionals. Given that this profession is not as well established as ofher, more traditional professions such as medicine, law and engineering, its membership is quite heterogeneous. While some will succeed in meeting these challenges, others will find it relatively difficult to adjust to this new context. The problem of turnover among members of human resources/industrial relations professional associations, which was traditionally associated with the heterogeneity of the profession, could well be made worse by a certain identity crisis currently being experienced by the profession. It is thus important to better understand why human resources/industrial relations professionals decide to maintain or abandon their membership in a professional organization.According to the conceptual model put forward in this study, the intention to remain a member of a professional organization might be influenced by both generaland particular factors. General factorsinclude professional commitment (or attachment to the profession), organizational commitment (or attachment to the professional organization), as well as satisfaction with the price-quality relationship and professional networks. Particular factors,i.e., those specifics to the context of professional organizations, are the "image of the organization" as perceived by professionals, perception of the organization's influence, and perceived usefulness of membership in the organization. According to the hypotheses, the intention to remain a member of a professional association is positively related to professional commitment, organizational commitment, satisfaction with the services offered (for example, the price-quality relationship as pertains to activities such as training and conferences) and the image of the organization. In addition, several variables were controlled for statistically (age, sex, training, type of professional organization). In order to test these hypotheses, data were collected by questionnaire from members of two professional human resources/industrial relations organizations in a Canadian province (916 active and 217 inactive members). In this study, the term "professional organization" includes a professional association and a professional order. The first organization (Organization A) is a professional association which serves the profession and its members. Thus, Organization A views the professional member as its client. It has no legal recognition, does not provide access to a special designated professional title, nor does it have a code of ethics. In contrast, the second organization (Organization B) is a professional order, that is, a body with a legal recognition that provides access, among other things, to a professional title and an attendant obligation to adhere to a code of ethics. Its role is to protect the public by controlling the way its members practice the profession. It is worth noting immediately that the results of the study indicate that the intention to maintain membership is significantly higher among members of Organization B than among those of Organization A.Regression analyses were carried out to test the hypotheses. By comparing members with a clear intention to leave (Group 1) with those with a firm intention to remain a member (Group 3), the logistic regression analysis indicates that regardless of the organization, the following common factors may explain the intention to remain a member : the perceived usefulness of membership in the organization, organizational commitment and professional commitment.Despite the existence of these two extrĂȘme groups (clear intention to leave and firm intention to remain a member), it seems that professional organizations must manage a third important group of members, the undecided. When the undecided group is compared to the group of members with a firm intention to remain a member (Group 2 versus Group 3 in the logistic regression analysis), the same three explanatory factors â the perceived usefulness of membership in the organization, organizational commitment and professional commitment â can once again be observed, but two other variables also prove to be relevant: satisfaction with the price quality relationship and type of organization.An analysis of the intention to remain a member by type of organization brings out interesting differences. For Organization A (the professional association), intentions to remain a member are influenced by four factors with approximately the same weight : professional commitment, organizational commitment, satisfaction with the price-quality relationship and perceived usefulness of membership. In contrast, for Organization B (the registered professional order), only the factor of organizational commitment plays an important role (foliowed by a more secondary factor, age).Finally, the professional organizations must deal with a last group of professionals, that is, formermembers. For Organization A, the results obtained for former members indicate that the intention to rejoin the organization is positively influenced by certain factors (satisfaction with networks, satisfaction with price-quality relationship, perceived usefulness of membership and organizational commitment) and negatively influenced by others (an attractive job found, not a help to career, and age). All the results suggest the presence of different logics of affiliation : a "professional" logic, a "professional competitive" logic, an "affective"logic, a "consumer" logic and a "purely utilitarian" logic. Each one of these different logics merits further investigation. In particular, in order to understand membership turnover, it seems necessary to differentiate further between those who, for whatever reason, interrupt their membership from those who abandon it altogether. There is also the question as to what extent a professional association can satisfy different groups of members who exhibit quite different logics. Finally, despite methodological precautions, there is always a danger that these results have been influenced by monomethod bias which only further research can clarify.Hasta el momento, muy pocos estudios se han preocupado del movimiento de los miembros en el seno de los organismos profesionales. Este estudio prĂ©tende cubrir, en parte, esta laguna al analizar las intenciones de permanecer miembros o no (asi que volver a ser miembros o no) de los profesionales que pertenecieron (o que habĂ an pertenecido) a un organismo profesional en recursos humanos o en relaciones industriales. A partir de datos recolectados por cuestionario (n = 916 miembros activos y 217 miembros inactivos), anĂ lisis de regresiĂČn han permitido de aislar varios factores explicativos importantes como el arraigo afectivo al organismo. Los resultados obtenidos permiten, en otras cosas, poner a la luz del dfa diferentes lĂČgicas de afiliaciĂČn a un organismo profesional
Influence du contexte paysager sur les attaques de processionnaire du pin en ville. Quelles perspectives de méthodes de lutte alternatives ?
We conducted an inventory of all the potential host trees of this species and of its winter tents over an urban area of about 6500 ha. Here we present the preliminary results of a spatial ecology approach and of a neighbourhood analysis exploring relationships between the level of infestation on a given tree and the features of the other host trees occurring around it. The ultimate goal of this work is to help defining urban green infrastructures unfavourable to the spread of this pest.La processionnaire du pin est un insecte dĂ©foliateur et urticant infĂ©odĂ© Ă des rĂ©sineux forestiers. Elle se propage dans les milieux non forestiers en utilisant les plantations ornementales de ses arbres-hĂŽtes. Dans les zones urbanisĂ©es, sa prĂ©sence pose des problĂšmes de santĂ© publique auxquels les collectivitĂ©s territoriales doivent faire face. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© un inventaire de tous les pins, cĂšdres et Douglas, et des nids dâhiver quâils hĂ©bergent, sur le territoire de cinq communes de lâagglomĂ©ration orlĂ©anaise. Nous avons commencĂ© Ă conduire sur ce jeu de donnĂ©es des analyses dâĂ©cologie spatiale et des analyses de voisinage prenant en compte lâinfluence sur le niveau dâinfestation dâun arbre des caractĂ©ristiques des autres arbres-hĂŽtes prĂ©sents dans son environnement. Nous prĂ©sentons ici les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires de cette approche paysagĂšre en milieu urbain. A terme, lâobjectif de ce travail est dâexplorer les possibilitĂ©s de concevoir des infrastructures vertes qui, au lieu de fournir des corridors dâexpansion Ă cette espĂšce, pourraient en rĂ©duire le niveau de nuisance
Specific cytogenetic labeling of bovine spermatozoa bearing X or Y chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
X and Y specific probes were identified in order to apply the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to bovine spermatozoa. For Y chromosome detection, the BRY4a repetitive probe, covering three quarters of the chromosome, was used. For X chromosome detection, a goat Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) specific to the X chromosome of bovine and goats and giving a strong FISH signal was used. Each probe labeled roughly 45% of sperm cells. The hybridization method will be useful for evaluating the ratio of X- and Y- bearing spermatozoa in a sperm sample and consequently can be used to evaluate the efficiency of sperm sorting by different techniques such as flow cytometry
Séance spécialisée : géodynamique des bassins océaniques et des marges continentales
Une morphologie de fonds sous-marins bathyaux comportant des indurations liĂ©es Ă des dĂ©pĂŽts ferro-manganĂ©sifĂšres inclus dans des sĂ©diments hĂ©mipĂ©lagiques peu ou pas cimentĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte sur une ride volcanique tertiaire au large de la Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie (SW Pacifique). Elle semble ĂȘtre en relation avec des circulations hydrothermales au travers de la couverture sĂ©dimentaire pendant l'activitĂ© volcanique miocĂšne de la ride des LoyautĂ©. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence in intensive care units: a surveillance-based study
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) within the first 48 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) stay has been poorly investigated. The objective was to estimate early-onset VAP occurrence in ICUs within 48 hours after admission. METHODS: We analyzed data from prospective surveillance between 01/01/2001 and 31/12/2009 in 11 ICUs of Lyon hospitals (France). The inclusion criteria were: first ICU admission, not hospitalized before admission, invasive mechanical ventilation during first ICU day, free of antibiotics at admission, and ICU stay >=48 hours. VAP was defined according to a national protocol. Its incidence was the number of events per 1,000 invasive mechanical ventilation-days. The Poisson regression model was fitted from day 2 (D2) to D8 to incident VAP to estimate the expected VAP incidence from D0 to D1 of ICU stay. RESULTS: Totally, 367 (10.8%) of 3,387 patients in 45,760 patient-days developed VAP within the first 9 days. The predicted cumulative VAP incidence at D0 and D1 was 5.3 (2.6-9.8) and 8.3 (6.1-11.1), respectively. The predicted cumulative VAP incidence was 23.0 (20.8-25.3) at D8. The proportion of missed VAP within 48 hours from admission was 11% (9%-17%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates underestimation of early-onset VAP incidence in ICUs, if only VAP occurring [greater than or equal to]48 hours is considered to be hospital-acquired. Clinicians should be encouraged to develop a strategy for early detection after ICU admission
Clinical evaluation of an over-the-counter hearing aid (TEO FirstÂź) in elderly patients suffering of mild to moderate hearing loss
Measurement and comparison of individual external doses of high-school students living in Japan, France, Poland and Belarus -- the "D-shuttle" project --
Twelve high schools in Japan (of which six are in Fukushima Prefecture), four
in France, eight in Poland and two in Belarus cooperated in the measurement and
comparison of individual external doses in 2014. In total 216 high-school
students and teachers participated in the study. Each participant wore an
electronic personal dosimeter "D-shuttle" for two weeks, and kept a journal of
his/her whereabouts and activities. The distributions of annual external doses
estimated for each region overlap with each other, demonstrating that the
personal external individual doses in locations where residence is currently
allowed in Fukushima Prefecture and in Belarus are well within the range of
estimated annual doses due to the background radiation level of other
regions/countries
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