Associer des itinéraires techniques de niveau d'intrants variés à des variétés rustiques de blé tendre : évaluation économique, environnementale et énergétique

International audienceL’impact de l’utilisation des engrais azotés et des pesticides (Aubertot et al., 2005) sur l’environnement ainsi que l’instabilité des prix de vente des céréales ont suscité un certain nombre de réflexions sur de nouvelles manières de produire du blé tendre d’hiver, en prenant notamment appui sur le progrès variétal. Ainsi, à partir de 1999, l’INRA, l’ITCF (puis ARVALIS-Institut du végétal), les sélectionneurs du GIE Club des Cinq et les chambres d’agriculture d’Indre-et-Loire et du Morbihan ont engagé une collaboration afin d’évaluer l’intérêt des variétés rustiques conduites avec des itinéraires techniques à niveaux d’intrants réduits. Ces variétés ont été choisies parmi celles présentant des caractères de multirésistance aux maladies et à la verse, tout en s’assurant d’un niveau de rendement comparable aux autres cultivars du catalogue. Le réseau expérimental multilocal mis en place de 2000 à 2002 a révélé des performances économiques satisfaisantes de ces itinéraires techniques au regard des recommandations locales, et ce pour le prix de vente moyen de cette période, à savoir 100 € par tonne (Loyce et al., 2001 ; Félix et al., 2002 ; Rolland et al., 2003 ; Loyce et al., accepté)

Facteurs explicatifs du roulement des membres au sein des organismes professionnels en relations industrielles

Jusqu'à présent, peu de recherches se sont intéressées au roulement des membres au sein des organismes professionnels. La présente étude comble, en partie, cette lacune en analysant les intentions de rester membre ou non (ainsi que de redevenir membre ou non) des professionnels appartenant (ou ayant appartenu) à un organisme professionnel en ressources humaines ou en relations industrielles. À partir de données collectées par questionnaires (n = 916 membres actifs et 217 membres inactifs), des analyses de régression ont permis d'isoler plusieurs facteurs explicatifs importants comme l'attachement affectif à l'organisme. Les résultats obtenus permettent, entre autres, de mettre à jour différentes logiques d'affiliation à un organisme professionnel.Recent economic and social changes pose many challenges for human resources/industrial relations professionals. Given that this profession is not as well established as ofher, more traditional professions such as medicine, law and engineering, its membership is quite heterogeneous. While some will succeed in meeting these challenges, others will find it relatively difficult to adjust to this new context. The problem of turnover among members of human resources/industrial relations professional associations, which was traditionally associated with the heterogeneity of the profession, could well be made worse by a certain identity crisis currently being experienced by the profession. It is thus important to better understand why human resources/industrial relations professionals decide to maintain or abandon their membership in a professional organization.According to the conceptual model put forward in this study, the intention to remain a member of a professional organization might be influenced by both generaland particular factors. General factorsinclude professional commitment (or attachment to the profession), organizational commitment (or attachment to the professional organization), as well as satisfaction with the price-quality relationship and professional networks. Particular factors,i.e., those specifics to the context of professional organizations, are the "image of the organization" as perceived by professionals, perception of the organization's influence, and perceived usefulness of membership in the organization. According to the hypotheses, the intention to remain a member of a professional association is positively related to professional commitment, organizational commitment, satisfaction with the services offered (for example, the price-quality relationship as pertains to activities such as training and conferences) and the image of the organization. In addition, several variables were controlled for statistically (age, sex, training, type of professional organization). In order to test these hypotheses, data were collected by questionnaire from members of two professional human resources/industrial relations organizations in a Canadian province (916 active and 217 inactive members). In this study, the term "professional organization" includes a professional association and a professional order. The first organization (Organization A) is a professional association which serves the profession and its members. Thus, Organization A views the professional member as its client. It has no legal recognition, does not provide access to a special designated professional title, nor does it have a code of ethics. In contrast, the second organization (Organization B) is a professional order, that is, a body with a legal recognition that provides access, among other things, to a professional title and an attendant obligation to adhere to a code of ethics. Its role is to protect the public by controlling the way its members practice the profession. It is worth noting immediately that the results of the study indicate that the intention to maintain membership is significantly higher among members of Organization B than among those of Organization A.Regression analyses were carried out to test the hypotheses. By comparing members with a clear intention to leave (Group 1) with those with a firm intention to remain a member (Group 3), the logistic regression analysis indicates that regardless of the organization, the following common factors may explain the intention to remain a member : the perceived usefulness of membership in the organization, organizational commitment and professional commitment.Despite the existence of these two extrême groups (clear intention to leave and firm intention to remain a member), it seems that professional organizations must manage a third important group of members, the undecided. When the undecided group is compared to the group of members with a firm intention to remain a member (Group 2 versus Group 3 in the logistic regression analysis), the same three explanatory factors — the perceived usefulness of membership in the organization, organizational commitment and professional commitment — can once again be observed, but two other variables also prove to be relevant: satisfaction with the price quality relationship and type of organization.An analysis of the intention to remain a member by type of organization brings out interesting differences. For Organization A (the professional association), intentions to remain a member are influenced by four factors with approximately the same weight : professional commitment, organizational commitment, satisfaction with the price-quality relationship and perceived usefulness of membership. In contrast, for Organization B (the registered professional order), only the factor of organizational commitment plays an important role (foliowed by a more secondary factor, age).Finally, the professional organizations must deal with a last group of professionals, that is, formermembers. For Organization A, the results obtained for former members indicate that the intention to rejoin the organization is positively influenced by certain factors (satisfaction with networks, satisfaction with price-quality relationship, perceived usefulness of membership and organizational commitment) and negatively influenced by others (an attractive job found, not a help to career, and age). All the results suggest the presence of different logics of affiliation : a "professional" logic, a "professional competitive" logic, an "affective"logic, a "consumer" logic and a "purely utilitarian" logic. Each one of these different logics merits further investigation. In particular, in order to understand membership turnover, it seems necessary to differentiate further between those who, for whatever reason, interrupt their membership from those who abandon it altogether. There is also the question as to what extent a professional association can satisfy different groups of members who exhibit quite different logics. Finally, despite methodological precautions, there is always a danger that these results have been influenced by monomethod bias which only further research can clarify.Hasta el momento, muy pocos estudios se han preocupado del movimiento de los miembros en el seno de los organismos profesionales. Este estudio prétende cubrir, en parte, esta laguna al analizar las intenciones de permanecer miembros o no (asi que volver a ser miembros o no) de los profesionales que pertenecieron (o que habàan pertenecido) a un organismo profesional en recursos humanos o en relaciones industriales. A partir de datos recolectados por cuestionario (n = 916 miembros activos y 217 miembros inactivos), anàlisis de regresiòn han permitido de aislar varios factores explicativos importantes como el arraigo afectivo al organismo. Los resultados obtenidos permiten, en otras cosas, poner a la luz del dfa diferentes lògicas de afiliaciòn a un organismo profesional

Influence du contexte paysager sur les attaques de processionnaire du pin en ville. Quelles perspectives de méthodes de lutte alternatives ?

We conducted an inventory of all the potential host trees of this species and of its winter tents over an urban area of about 6500 ha. Here we present the preliminary results of a spatial ecology approach and of a neighbourhood analysis exploring relationships between the level of infestation on a given tree and the features of the other host trees occurring around it. The ultimate goal of this work is to help defining urban green infrastructures unfavourable to the spread of this pest.La processionnaire du pin est un insecte défoliateur et urticant inféodé à des résineux forestiers. Elle se propage dans les milieux non forestiers en utilisant les plantations ornementales de ses arbres-hôtes. Dans les zones urbanisées, sa présence pose des problèmes de santé publique auxquels les collectivités territoriales doivent faire face. Nous avons réalisé un inventaire de tous les pins, cèdres et Douglas, et des nids d’hiver qu’ils hébergent, sur le territoire de cinq communes de l’agglomération orléanaise. Nous avons commencé à conduire sur ce jeu de données des analyses d’écologie spatiale et des analyses de voisinage prenant en compte l’influence sur le niveau d’infestation d’un arbre des caractéristiques des autres arbres-hôtes présents dans son environnement. Nous présentons ici les résultats préliminaires de cette approche paysagère en milieu urbain. A terme, l’objectif de ce travail est d’explorer les possibilités de concevoir des infrastructures vertes qui, au lieu de fournir des corridors d’expansion à cette espèce, pourraient en réduire le niveau de nuisance

Specific cytogenetic labeling of bovine spermatozoa bearing X or Y chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

X and Y specific probes were identified in order to apply the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to bovine spermatozoa. For Y chromosome detection, the BRY4a repetitive probe, covering three quarters of the chromosome, was used. For X chromosome detection, a goat Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) specific to the X chromosome of bovine and goats and giving a strong FISH signal was used. Each probe labeled roughly 45% of sperm cells. The hybridization method will be useful for evaluating the ratio of X- and Y- bearing spermatozoa in a sperm sample and consequently can be used to evaluate the efficiency of sperm sorting by different techniques such as flow cytometry

Séance spécialisée : géodynamique des bassins océaniques et des marges continentales

Une morphologie de fonds sous-marins bathyaux comportant des indurations liées à des dépôts ferro-manganésifères inclus dans des sédiments hémipélagiques peu ou pas cimentés a été découverte sur une ride volcanique tertiaire au large de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (SW Pacifique). Elle semble être en relation avec des circulations hydrothermales au travers de la couverture sédimentaire pendant l'activité volcanique miocène de la ride des Loyauté. (Résumé d'auteur

Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence in intensive care units: a surveillance-based study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) within the first 48 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) stay has been poorly investigated. The objective was to estimate early-onset VAP occurrence in ICUs within 48 hours after admission. METHODS: We analyzed data from prospective surveillance between 01/01/2001 and 31/12/2009 in 11 ICUs of Lyon hospitals (France). The inclusion criteria were: first ICU admission, not hospitalized before admission, invasive mechanical ventilation during first ICU day, free of antibiotics at admission, and ICU stay >=48 hours. VAP was defined according to a national protocol. Its incidence was the number of events per 1,000 invasive mechanical ventilation-days. The Poisson regression model was fitted from day 2 (D2) to D8 to incident VAP to estimate the expected VAP incidence from D0 to D1 of ICU stay. RESULTS: Totally, 367 (10.8%) of 3,387 patients in 45,760 patient-days developed VAP within the first 9 days. The predicted cumulative VAP incidence at D0 and D1 was 5.3 (2.6-9.8) and 8.3 (6.1-11.1), respectively. The predicted cumulative VAP incidence was 23.0 (20.8-25.3) at D8. The proportion of missed VAP within 48 hours from admission was 11% (9%-17%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates underestimation of early-onset VAP incidence in ICUs, if only VAP occurring [greater than or equal to]48 hours is considered to be hospital-acquired. Clinicians should be encouraged to develop a strategy for early detection after ICU admission

Measurement and comparison of individual external doses of high-school students living in Japan, France, Poland and Belarus -- the "D-shuttle" project --

Twelve high schools in Japan (of which six are in Fukushima Prefecture), four in France, eight in Poland and two in Belarus cooperated in the measurement and comparison of individual external doses in 2014. In total 216 high-school students and teachers participated in the study. Each participant wore an electronic personal dosimeter "D-shuttle" for two weeks, and kept a journal of his/her whereabouts and activities. The distributions of annual external doses estimated for each region overlap with each other, demonstrating that the personal external individual doses in locations where residence is currently allowed in Fukushima Prefecture and in Belarus are well within the range of estimated annual doses due to the background radiation level of other regions/countries